responses

BING, a antimicrobial peptide discovered in Japanese medaka fish (O. laptipes), originates from vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D-like (Vps13D). It exhibits efficacy against a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, notably including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; MICs = 4-64 µg/ml). Furthermore, BING enhances the effectiveness of antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, and novobiocin against P. aeruginosa, and it prevents resistance development to kanamycin and ampicillin in E. coli. Notably, its administration in vivo significantly improves survival rates in O. laptipes challenged with E. tarda.

β-Interleukin I (163-171), human Acetateis a peptide that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis.

Arg-Gly-Asp TFA (99896-85-2(free base)) (RGD Trifluoroacetate) is a tripeptide that effectively triggers cell adhesion, addresses certain cell lines and elicits specific cell responses; binds to integrins.

Xenin 8 acetate is a biologically active fragment of Xenin in the neurotensin/xenopsin family. Xenin 8 acetate augments Arginine-induced insulin release (by 40%) and potentiates the glucagon responses to both Arginine (by 60%), Carbachol (by 50%).

Cyclo(his-pro) is an endogenous cyclic dipeptide that exerts oxidative damage protection by selectively activating the transcription factor Nrf2 signalling pathway.

H-Pro-Gly-Pro-OH, a collagen-derived matrikine, traditionally acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, guiding these cells to target locations to orchestrate localized repair responses. Additionally, this compound initiates the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes following cerebral ischemia [1] [2].

C5a Receptor Agonist (mouse, human) is a bioactive peptide derived from the C-terminus of the complement fragment 5 anaphylatoxin (C5a), functioning as an agonist for the C5a receptor. This peptide plays a role in mediating inflammatory responses by promoting chemotaxis, leukocyte degranulation, enhanced vascular permeability, and cytokine production. Its agonistic activity is critically dependent on the presence of cyclohexylalanine at position 5 and the d-isomer of Arg at the terminal position.

Influenza NP (311-325) is a biologically active peptide composed of amino acids 311 to 325 derived from the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP). As a bona fide MHC class II-restricted epitope, it is instrumental for studying host immune responses during viral infection. It notably induces robust gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in intracellular cytokine assays while not stimulating CD8 T-cells in mice. Additionally, the presence of Glutamine (Q) or Glutamic acid (E) at the N-terminus can lead to the spontaneous formation of Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides, which may enhance peptide stability against gastrointestinal proteases through the hydrophobic γ-lactam ring of pGlu. Consequently, these peptides are considered a normal variant and factored into the peptide purity measurements in HPLC analysis.

Hymenistatin I, a cyclic octapeptide [c-(-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Val-Pro-Leu-Ile-Ile-Ile-)], exhibits immunosuppressive effects on both humoral and cellular immune responses [1].

GAD65 (524-543) is a biologically active peptide comprising amino acids 524 to 543 of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65). It represents an early islet antigen fragment that elicits proliferative T cell responses in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, instrumental in spontaneous autoimmune diabetes research. The peptide serves as a specific, possibly low affinity stimulant for the diabetogenic T cell clone BDC2.5. Notably, immunization with GAD65 (524-543) heightens NOD mice's vulnerability to type 1 diabetes when subjected to the adoptive transfer of BDC2.5 T cells.

ELAAWCRWGFLLALLPPGIAG (P5), a 21-amino acid peptide (aa 5-25) derivative of the rat HER2/neu protein, has been shown to elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in mice with HER2-positive tumors [1].

Human β-defensin-3 (HβD-3) is an antibiotic antimicrobial peptide synthesized by epithelial cells. It exhibits potent antimicrobial properties and mitigates inflammatory cytokine responses. HβD-3 efficiently targets various microorganisms, displaying IC90 values ranging from 6 to 25 μg/ml.

C5a Anaphylatoxin (human) is a pro-inflammatory peptide that functions as a leukocyte chemoattractant, utilized in researching inflammation and immune responses, including allergic asthma [1] [2].

Pro8-Oxytocin, a modified oxytocin (OXT) ligand, elicits more potent and efficacious responses at primate OXTR and induces stronger behavioral effects compared to the standard mammalian OXT ligand (Leu8-Oxytocin). It demonstrates lower efficacy than Vasopressin (AVP) at human AVPR1a, yet shows a higher efficacious response at marmoset AVPR1a [1].

Potent and selective, voltage-dependent R-type CaV2.3 calcium channel blocker (IC50 = 30 nM). Antinociceptive; inhibits nociceptive C-fibre and Aδ-fibre-evoked neuronal responses.

Aclerastide is an angiotensin receptor agonist. Administration of Aclerastide reduced fibrosis and scarring in the healing wounds. This action was more pronounced with longer administration of the peptide after injury. The action of this peptide was block

ELAAWCRWGFLLALLPPGIAG TFA (P5), a 21-amino-acid peptide (aa 5-25) originating from the rat HER2/neu protein, has been shown to elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in mice with HER2-positive tumors [1].

(D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,L-Leu11)-Substance P (acetate), an antagonist for Substance P and Bombesin, modulates ocular inflammatory responses triggered by antidromic trigeminal nerve stimulation [1].

Protein kinase C (PKC ) is a calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol-dependent serine/threonine kinase involved in diverse signaling pathways, including those involved in neuronal signaling, cytoskeletal function, and inflammation.[1] PKC inhibitor peptide is a synthetic peptide corresponding to an amino acid sequence found in the amino terminal C2 domain of most mammalian forms of PKC .[2] It selectively and reversibly inhibits the translocation of PKC to intracellular membranes, blocking activation.[2] PKC inhibitor peptide is commonly used in cells to evaluate the role of PKC in various cellular responses.[3],[4],[5]

XQ2B is a cGAS inhibitor that impedes protein-DNA interactions and phase separation. It suppresses antiviral immune responses induced by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and augments HSV-1 infection in both in vitro and in vivo settings [1].

RTQLLWTPAAPTAMA TFA is a peptide-based antigen employed for enhancing drug delivery within the context of immunological responses [1].

Tetanus Toxin (830–844), a biologically active peptide and a tetanus toxin-derived peptide TT830–844 CD4+ T-cell epitope, exhibits promiscuity by binding to a wide spectrum of HLA–DRB molecules. Consequently, it is anticipated to elicit CD4+ T-cell responses across a broad segment of the human population.

D-{Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala}, a pentapeptide, serves as an inhibitor of immunological responses [1].

Caerin 1.1 TFA, a host defense peptide derived from the Australian tree frog Litoria's glandular secretions, exhibits anti-proliferative effects on HeLa cells and induces apoptosis. Additionally, it has the potential to augment adaptive T cell immune responses [1].

BDC2.5 Mimotope 1040-63 is a biologically active peptide employed in the investigation of type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease where T cells induce destruction of pancreatic islet β cells. This mimotope, originating from the TCR transgenic model (BDC2.5), facilitates the examination of antigen presentation mechanisms to islet autoantigen-specific T cells, contributing to the understanding of T cell-mediated beta-cell damage due to autoreactive T cell responses.

GluN2B (formally NR2B) selective, competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor. Blocks NMDA-evoked current in mouse cortical neurons (IC50 = 480 nM); also inhibits NMDA-evoked responses in oocytes expressing GluN2B (formally NR2B), but not GluN2A (formally

MOG (92–106), mouse, rat, is a biologically active peptide corresponding to the fragment of amino acids 92 to 106 in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) from mice and rats. It is noteworthy that mice subjected to MOG (92–106)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis exhibit substantial B cell reactivity to secondary myelin antigens. Although this MOG fragment elicits only modest T cell responses, the resultant autoimmunity is profoundly severe. The peptide demonstrates encephalitogenic properties in various species, including SJL mice, DA rats, and rhesus monkeys.

IDR 1002, an innate defense regulator peptide, effectively diminishes bacterial load and mitigates inflammatory responses in murine models of sinusitis and acute bacterial lung infections. It suppresses LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and COX-2 while promoting the phosphorylation and activation of p38, ERK1/2, MSK1, and CREB.

NS2 (114-121), Influenza, is a fragment derived from the nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) of the influenza virus. This compound serves as an epitope for influenza research and can be utilized to study the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) in antiviral immune responses.

TET 830 modified/T-helper epitope from tetanus toxoid is a T-cell stimulating peptide derived from tetanus toxoid. It acts as a helper peptide in vaccinations, eliciting T-cell responses.

Antibacterial peptide. Stimulates angiogenesis and inhibits inflammatory responses by selectively blocking proteasome degradation of IκBα.

Amyloid A proteins (H2N-Ala-Gly-Leu-Pro-Glu-Lys-Tyr-OH) are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli.

CRAMP (140-173) (mouse), the ortholog of the human LL-37 antimicrobial peptide, inhibits LPS-induced responses and does not colocalize with TLR3 in BEAS-2B cells [1].

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a neuropeptide, plays roles in regulating appetite, vasoconstriction, cardiac contractility, and intestinal secretion, acting as an agonist for NPY receptors Y1, Y2, and Y5. Expressed ubiquitously, NPY modulates cellular responses by selectively inhibiting forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation in L-M(TK-) cells expressing rat Y1 or Y2 and in HEK293 cells expressing rat Y5, more so than in cells expressing rat Y4 receptors (EC50s = 0.15, 2.7, 0.66, and >1,000 nM, respectively). Additionally, it elevates perfusion pressure in isolated guinea pig hearts (EC30 = 1.3 nM) and, when administered intracerebroventricularly at 300 pmol/animal, it notably increases food intake in rats.

NY-ESO-1 (87-111) is a pan-MHC class II-restricted peptide that interacts with various HLA-DR and HLA-DP4 molecules, inducing activation of CD4+ T cells with Th1-type and Th-2/Th0-type responses, when presented in conjunction with HLA-DR and HLA-DP4 molecules.

Orexin A (Hypocretin-1) (human, rat, mouse) acetate, a hypothalamic neuropeptide with analgesic abilities that penetrates the blood-brain barrier, acts as an OX1R agonist. It promotes the expression of BDNF and TH proteins within SH-SY5Y cells, showing both time- and dose-dependent responses. This compound is valuable for researching appetite control, neurodegenerative conditions, and the modulation of detrimental signaling [1] [2] [3].

Lei-Dab7 TFA, a selective and high-affinity blocker of the K Ca 2.2 (SK2) channel with a dissociation constant (K d) of 3.8 nM, demonstrates over 200-fold selectivity for K Ca 2.2 compared to K Ca 2.1, K Ca 2.3, K Ca 3.1, K v, and Kir2.1. Furthermore, Lei-Dab7 TFA enhances theta-burst responses and long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat hippocampal slices in vitro.

WRW4-OH is a bioactive peptide that impedes the interaction of the FPRL1 agonist WKYMVm with its designated receptor. As a classical chemoattractant receptor prevalent in phagocytic cells of peripheral blood and brain, FPRL1's activation is integral to inflammatory responses within host defense mechanisms and is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders.

HOXB7 (8-25), a peptide fragment derived from homeobox B7 (HOXB7)—a key controller of cell growth and oncogene activator—facilitates antigen presentation when pulsed onto dendritic cells obtained from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This process promotes the activation and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by CD4+ helper T cells, triggering targeted and broad-spectrum antitumor responses.

RGD Trifluoroacetate is a tripeptide that effectively triggers cell adhesion, addresses certain cell lines and elicits specific cell responses; RGD Trifluoroacetate binds to integrins.RGD Trifluoroacetate is the most effective and most often employed pept

HLF1-11, derived from human lactoferrin, serves as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. It not only inhibits human MPO (myeloperoxidase) activity but also influences GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)-driven monocyte differentiation into macrophages, thereby augmenting immune responses [1] [2].

PR-39 TFA, a natural peptide rich in proline and arginine with antibacterial properties, acts as a noncompetitive, reversible, and allosteric inhibitor of the proteasome. It specifically attaches to the α7 subunit of the proteasome, preventing the degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Additionally, PR-39 TFA promotes angiogenesis, suppresses inflammatory responses, and notably decreases myocardial infarct size in mice [1] [2].

High affinity, selective KCa2.2 (SK2) channel blocker (Kd = 3.8 nM). Exhibits >200-fold selectivity for KCa2.2 over KCa2.1, KCa2.3, KCa3.1, IK, Kv and Kir2.1. Increases theta-burst responses and increases LTP in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Convulsive

Proadrenomedullin N-terminal 12 peptide (PAMP-12), an endogenous fragment originating from the adrenal medulla and spanning amino acids 9-20 of human PAMP-20, plays a role in causing hypotension. It functions as an agonist for the MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor family member X2 (MRGPRX2), inhibiting forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human MRGPRX2 (EC50 = 57.2 nM) and selectively prompting calcium mobilization in these cells (EC50 = 41 nM), but not in cells expressing MRGPRX1, MRGPRX3, or MRGPRX4 at 1 µM. As an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), PAMP-12 obstructs carbachol-triggered catecholamine release and the influx of calcium and sodium (IC50s = 1.3, 0.39, and 0.87 µM, respectively) in primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, with no effect on histamine-induced responses (IC50s = >1 µM for all). Additionally, it decreases mean arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats at doses ranging from 10 to 50 nmol/kg.

Chemerin-9 (149-157) TFA is a potent CMKLR1 (chemokine-like receptor 1) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. It activates phosphorylation of Akt and ERK and induces ROS production, beneficially modulating immune responses, adipocyte differentiation, and glucose metabolism. Additionally, it has been shown to alleviate Aβ 1-42-induced memory impairment, highlighting its therapeutic potential [1] [2] [3] [4].

Trichomide A, a natural cyclodepsipeptide, serves as a potent activator of SHP2. This compound exhibits immunosuppressive activity against activated T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses in Con A-activated T cells, highlighting its potential utility in researching immune-related skin diseases [1].

NF023 hexasodium is a selective and competitive P2X1 receptor antagonist, with IC50 values of 0.21 μM, 28.9 μM, > 50 μM and > 100 μM for human P2X1, P2X3, P2X2, and P2X4-mediated responses respectively.

Thymotrinan (RGH-0205) TFA, an immunomodulating peptide, is a biologically active fragment of the naturally occurring thymus hormone thymopoietin. It exhibits similar immunomodulatory activities to TP5, influencing both humoral and cellular responses [1].

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous transnitrosation donor involved in S-nitrosation of a variety of cellular proteins. GSNO, an exogenous NO donor and substrate of rat alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme, inhibits cerebral angiotensin II-dependent and -independent AT1 receptor responses.

Obestatin is a 23 amino acid peptide hormone with a conserved C-terminal glycine residue and amidation site that is formed by cleavage of the ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide.1It binds to the orphan receptor GPR39 (Kd= 1 nM) and stimulates cAMP production in CHO and HEK293 cells overexpressing human GPR39. Obestatin inhibits contraction of isolated mouse jejunum muscle strips induced by ghrelin .In vivo, obestatin (12.5-1,000 nmol/kg) suppresses food intake in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduces body weight gain and gastric emptying in mice. Obestatin (0.22 g per animal) also reduces food intake and glucose response without affecting plasma insulin responses in fasted high-fat diet fed mice.2 1.Zhang, J.V., Ren, P.C., Avsian-Kretchmer, O., et al.Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intakeScience310(5750)996-999(2005) 2.Subasinghage, A.P., Green, B.D., Flatt, P.R., et al.Metabolic and structural properties of human obestatin {1-23} and two fragment peptidesPeptides31(9)1697-1705(2010)