15-keto pgf2a

ANGIOTENSIN IV TFA is a less effective agonist at the angiotensin AT1 receptor.

2-Keto-D-galactose inhibits DNA synthesis and inhibits the proliferation of in vitro grown Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.This compound is unstable in powder form and other related salt forms are recommended.

1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PC is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HpETE at the sn-2 position. It is produced via oxidation of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PC is toxic to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at a concentration of 100 μM.

Bimatoprost is the Allergan trade name for 17-phenyl trinor prostaglandin F2α ethyl amide (17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide), an F-series PG analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group produces 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide. 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide is a potential metabolite of 17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide when 17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide is administered to intact animals. No pharmacological studies on 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α ethyl amide have been reported.

1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PE is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HpETE at the sn-2 position. It is produced via oxidation of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PE (0.6 and 0.9 μM) increases ferroptotic cell death in wild-type and Acsl4 knockout Pfa1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3.

Bcl-2-IN-15 (Compound 13d) is a Bcl-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 363 nM, which impedes the proliferation of the NCI leukemia cancer cell line [1].

15-keto PGF1α is the initial metabolite of PGF1α via 15-hydroxy PGDH. In mammals, oxidation of C-15 markedly attenuates receptor binding and activity. In fish, the 15-keto compounds serve as post-ovulatory pheromones and are more active than the parent prostaglandins.

1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PC is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HETE at the sn-2 position. It is produced via oxidation of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO).

13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin E2 (13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2) serves as the predominant metabolite of PGE2 in plasma, created through a 15-keto PGE2 intermediate by the action of 15-oxo-PG Δ13 reductase. Unlike its precursor PGE2, this compound exhibits poor binding affinity towards EP2 and EP4 PGE2 receptors (Ki values of 12 and 57 µM, respectively) in CHO cells and fails to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity therein (EC50s >18 and >38 µM, respectively). Concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2 are notably higher in the plasma of pregnant women during their third trimester and at labor and delivery stages, whereas its levels are found to be reduced in the tumor tissues of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to adjacent healthy tissue.

Bimatoprost is an F-series prostaglandin (PG) analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group and amide hydrolysis of Bimatoprost produces 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α. 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α is a potential metabolite of bimatoprost when administered to animals. 15-keto PG analogs are potential minor impurities in commercial preparations of their corresponding bulk drug compounds. Although much less potent that the parent compound, 15-keto PGs still retain the ability to produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in the intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys when administered at a dose of 1 μg/eye. 15-keto Latanoprost (15-keto-17-phenyl-13,14-dihydro trinor PGF2α isopropyl ester) is a miotic in the normal cat eye, causing an 8 mm reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg/eye. Again, this is not as potent as many other F-type PGs; for example, PGF2α will produce this degree of miosis at a dose of less than 1 μg/eye.

Prostaglandin D1 (PGD1) is the theoretical D-series metabolite of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), but to date it has not been isolated as a natural product. It is an inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans with an IC50 value of 320 ng/ml, about 1/10 as potent as PGD2. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin D1 (13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGD1) is the theoretical metabolite of PGD1 via the 15-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase metabolic pathway. No biological studies for this compound have been reported.

SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-15 (compound a), a beta-nitrostyrene derivative, acts as an inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (3CLpro), effectively inhibiting viral replication and transcription. It is instrumental in the identification of potential anti-COVID-19 lead compounds [1].

2-Keto-D-Glucose (D-Glucosone) is a key intermediate in a secondary metabolic pathway leading to the antibiotic Cortalcerone. It is found in various natural sources, including fungi, algae, and shellfish.

15-keto Prostaglandin F2α is a metabolite of Prostaglandin F2α that lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits.

13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin E1 inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human isolated platelet-rich plasma (IC50=14.8 μg/mL) and is a PGE1 metabolite.

8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α) is a metabolite of the isoprostane, 8-isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α), in rabbits, monkeys and humans. 8-iso PGF2α is a PG-like product of non-specific lipid peroxidation. In both humans and monkeys, exogenously infused 8-isoprostane is converted primarily to metabolites having 2 or 4 carbon atoms removed from the top side chain by β-oxidation. A similar pattern is observed when tritiated 8-isoprostane is infused into rabbits. Early in the infusion (within 10 minutes) 8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α was a significant component of the metabolite profile, which was comprised mostly of dinor 8-isoprostane metabolites. 8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α weakly inhibits the U-46619 or collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets, although a number of the E-series isoprostanes are much more potent in this assay.

2-Keto Crizotinib is an active lactam metabolite of crizotinib.

COX-2/15-LOX-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of both COX-2 and 15-LOX, demonstrating IC50 values of 0.065 μM for COX-2 and 1.86 μM for 15-LOX. Additionally, it exhibits significant antioxidant activity [1].

15-keto Treprostinil is an impurity found in treprostinil , which is a stable analog of prostaglandin I2 with a longer plasma half-life. Formulations containing treprostinil are used for the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension.

15-keto-Prostaglandin E2, an endogenous metabolite, inhibits STAT3 activation through binding to Cys259 and regulates breast cancer cell growth and progression. Additionally, it binds and stabilizes the EP2 and EP4 receptors, activates PPAR-γ, and promotes fungal growth [1] [2] [3].

COX-2/15-LOX-IN-4 (compound 5i) is a dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.075 μM for COX-2 and 1.97 μM for 15-LOX. It inhibits LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, ROS) and exhibits targeted anti-inflammatory effects [1].

8-iso-15-keto Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-15-keto PGF2α) is a metabolite of the isoprostane 8-iso PGF2α in rabbits, monkeys, and humans. 8-isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α) is a prostaglandin-like product of non-specific lipid peroxidation. In both humans and monkeys, exogenously infused 8-iso PGF2α is converted primarily to metabolites having 2 or 4 carbon atoms removed from the top side chain by β-oxidation. A similar pattern is observed when tritiated 8-iso PGF2α is infused into rabbits. Early in the infusion (within 1-2 minutes) 8-iso -15-keto PGF2α was a major component of the metabolite profile, which was comprised mostly of unmetabolized 8-iso PGF2α. 8-iso -15-keto PGF2α is a vasoconstrictor when tested on the rat isolated thoracic aorta, acting via the TP (thromboxane) receptor.

15-keto Latanoprost is a potential metabolite of latanoprost when administered to animals. 15-keto Latanoprost is also one of the common minor impurities found in commercial preparations of the bulk drug compound. Although much less potent that the parent compound latanoprost, 15-keto latanoprost still retains the ability to produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in the intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys when administered at a dose of 1 μg/eye. 15-keto Latanoprost is also a miotic in the normal cat eye, causing an 8 mm Hg reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg/eye. Again, this is not as potent as many other F-type prostaglandins; for example, prostaglandin F2α will produce this degree of miosis at a dose of less than 1 μg/eye.

3-Clerodene-2,15-diol, 15-Carboxylic acid, 2-keton is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T130187.

VEGFR-2-IN-15 (Compound 14b) is a potent inhibitor of VEGFR-2. VEGFR-2-IN-15 inhibits the growth of HepG2 cells in the Pre-G1 phase and induces apoptosis.

11β-13,14-Dihydro-15-keto PGF2α, a PGD2 metabolite in the 15-hydroxy PGDH pathway, is formed in human males upon infusion or inhalation of tritiated PGD2, with peak plasma levels of both 11β-PGF2α and 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α observed within 10 minutes. In human lung homogenates, PGD2 is metabolized firstly to 11β-PGF2α and subsequently to 11β-15-keto-PGF2α in the presence of NAD+, but not to 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α. Conversely, guinea pig liver and kidney homogenates can metabolize PGD2 to 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α via 11β-PGF2α, with both NAD+ and NADP+ being requisite for this conversion.

15-PGDH-IN-2 (Compound 2) is an inhibitor of 15-PGDH with an IC50 value of 0.274 nM. This compound is useful for research into hair loss, bone formation, gastric ulcer healing, and dermal wound healing [1].

COX-2/15-LOX-IN-1 (Compound 14) is a COX-2 and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibitor that acts on COX-1 (IC50: 10.65 μM), COX-2 (IC50: 0.075 μM) and 15-LOX (IC50: 2.98 μM). 25 has an anti-inflammatory effect.

8-iso Prostaglandin F2β (8-iso PGF2β) is an isomer of PGF2α of non-enzymatic origin. It is one of 64 possible isomers of PGF2α which can be produced by free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid. 8-iso PGF2β exhibits very weak contraction of human umbilical vein artery and does not promote aggregation of human whole blood. However, 8-iso PGF2β moderately contracts both the canine and porcine pulmonary vein, although the effect is much weaker than that exhibited by other isoprostanes such as 8-iso PGE1, 8-iso PGE2, or 8-iso PGF2α. 8-iso-15-keto PGF2β is a potential metabolite of 8-iso PGF2β via the 15-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase pathway. There are no published reports on the formation or biological activity of 8-iso-15-keto PGF2β.

1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HETE at the sn-2 position. It is formed in human peripheral monocytes activated by the calcium ionophore A23187 by direct oxidation of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE by 15-LO. Phosphoethanolamine (PE) HETEs (PE-HETEs), including 1-stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE, are the main source of esterified HETE in ionophore-activated monocytes.

Prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) was first isolated as a dehydration product of the PGE1 compounds found in human semen. 15-keto PGA1 is a metabolite of PGA1, produced by 15-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase. It can be produced from PGA1 in pig lung, trachea, aorta, and pulmonary artery tissue preparations. 15-keto PGA1, given at a concentration of 6 μM, causes vasoconstriction of rabbit lung that is comparable to that induced by angiotensin II.

13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin F1α (13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF1α) is a metabolite of PGF1α that has been reported in the rat stomach. The measurement of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF1α can be used as a marker of the in vivo production of PGF1α.

Latanoprost is an F-series prostaglandin (PG) analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group without isopropyl ester hydrolysis produces 15-keto latanoprost. 15-keto Latanoprost is a potential metabolite of latanoprost when administered to animals. 15-keto Latanoprost is also one of the common minor impurities found in commercial preparations of the bulk drug compound. Although much less potent that the parent compound latanoprost, 15-keto latanoprost still retains the ability to produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in the intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys when administered at a dose of 1 μg/eye. 15-keto Latanoprost is also a miotic in the normal cat eye, causing an 8 mm reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg/eye. Again, this is not as potent as many other F-type PGs; for example, PGF2α will produce this degree of miosis at a dose of less than 1 μg/eye. Products of β-oxidation account for most of the metabolites of latanoprost recovered in plasma and urine. However, 15-keto latanoprost is a minor metabolite, and one which could be enhanced in situations where β-oxidation is reduced.

SARS-CoV-2-IN-15 (compound 11) is a niclosamide analogue that contains higher stability in human plasma and liver S9 enzymes assay than niclosamide. It improves bioavailability and half-life when administered orally. SARS-CoV-2-IN-15 is a potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor with an IC 50 of 0.49 μM [1].

COX-2/15-LOX-IN-3 (compound 5k) serves as a dual inhibitor for COX-2 and 15-LOX, demonstrating inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.075 μM and 1.97 μM, respectively. This compound effectively suppresses LPS-induced cellular production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, ROS, and NO), exhibiting targeted anti-inflammatory effects [1].

PARP10/15-IN-2 (Compound 8h) is a dual inhibitor of PARP10 and PARP15 with IC 50 values of 0.15 μM and 0.37 μM, respectively. PARP10/15-IN-2 can enter cells and rescue cells from apoptosis [1].