probe

Copper probe CF4 (Copper fluor CF4) is a fluorescent copper probe that can be used to study colon cancer.

Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the posttranslational modification of arginine residues on proteins to form citrulline, which plays a large role in regulating gene expression. Abnormally high PAD activity has been observed in a host of human diseases. Citrulline-specific probe-rhodamine is a highly sensitive, rhodamine phenylglyoxal-based fluorophore that specifically detects protein citrullination via a chemoselective reaction between glyoxal and citrulline. This chemical probe (comprised of a single isomer) is capable of reacting with any citrulline-containing protein and can be analyzed with fluorescent imaging (excitation 532 nm; emission 580 nm). When added at 100 μM for 30 minutes at acidic pH, this probe has a reported limit of detection of ~10 ng for citrullinated histone H3 and ~1 ng for autodeiminated PAD4.

TAMRA-probe 1 is a fluorescent probe for labeling.

Sulfane Sulfur Probe 4 (SSP4) serves as a fluorescent probe targeting sulfane sulfur species, encompassing hydrogen sulfide-derived polysulfides, hydropersulfides, and persulfides generated endogenously. Upon interacting with these species, SSP4 undergoes a nucleophilic attack, leading to fluorescein production, characterized by 494/515 nm excitation/emission peaks, along with the generation of two 1,2-benzodithiol-3-one molecules. This compound has been instrumental in localizing H2S3 within primary mouse neurons and identifying polysulfides in L. japonicus seedling roots.

Alkyne-probe 1 is typically employed as an Alkyne-labeled fluorescent or chemical probe.

Biotin-probe 1, a non-radiolabeled probe, is applicable for in situ hybridization.

Keap1-Nrf2 probe [1] is a fluorescent molecule designed to target the interaction between the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous mediator, like nitric oxide, that has significant effects on the immunological, neurological, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems of mammals. WSP-5 is a reactive disulfide-containing, fluorescent probe designed for fast detection of H2S in biological samples and cells. Through a reaction-based fluorescent turn-on strategy, WSP-5 selectively and rapidly reacts with H2S, generating a fluorophore with excitation and emission maxima of 502 and 525 nm, respectively. WSP-5 demonstrates a faster fluorescence turn-on rate (60- vs. 130-fold) and a more sensitive detection limit (47 vs. 60 nM) toward H2S compared to WSP-1 .

2-(4-Hydroxyphenylazo)benzoicacid is a spectrophotometric probe that shows changes in absorption spectra upon binding to proteins and binds to bovine serum proteins.

Rhodamine 6G (Basic Red 1) is a rhodamine analog useful in Pgp efflux assays. It can be widely used in characterizing the kinetics of MRP1- mediated efflux as a laser dye and potential mitochondrial probe.

BODIPY 493/503 (Pyrromethene 546) is a lipophilic fluorescent probe with Ex/Em of 493/503 nm. BODIPY 493/503 localizes to polar lipids and can be used to label cellular neutral lipid contents and for live and fixed cell applications.

2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (Diacetyldichlorofluorescein), a cell-permeable fluorogenic probe, is useful for the detection of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and for the determination of the degree of overall oxidative stress.

Ninhydrin is a chromogenic analytical probe for the quantification of proteins and amino acids.

Calcein (Fluorexon) is a fluorescent dye and self-quenching probe used as an indicator of lipid vesicle leakage, a complexometric indicator for titration of calcium ions with EDTA, and for the fluorometric determination of calcium.

FITC-Dextran (MW 60,000-76,000) is a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran fluorescent probe that is commonly used as a tracer molecule to label and track the action of cells or other biomaterials on semipermeable membranes.

JC-10 is a potent inhibitor of metalloproteinases and is often used as a probe.

Msr-Ratio (Msr-green) (Msr-green) is a ratiometric fluorescent probe specifically designed for the detection of methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) activity. It has an excitation wavelength of 375 nm and an emission wavelength of 550 nm. This probe offers the ability to monitor the enzyme activity both in vitro and in live cells, making it a valuable tool for studying MSR function.

MitoSOX Red is a novel fluorescent probe that is specific and cell membrane-permeable and targets mitochondria in living cells.MitoSOX Red is oxidized by superoxide upon entry into the mitochondria and is not oxidized by other ROS or RNS-generating systems.MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in the mitochondrion and produces a strong red fluorescence.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) prevents the oxidation of MitoSOX Red.

C11-BODIPY581/591 is a fluorescent ratio-probe of lipid oxidation . C11-BODIPY581/591 is often used for indexing lipid peroxidation and antioxidant efficacy in model membrane systems and living cells. C11-BODIPY581/591 is applied in the quantitation of ferroptosis.

Liperfluo, a ferroptosis marker and fluorescent probe, efficaciously investigates lipid peroxidation's impact across numerous cellular pathophysiologies. It converts lipid hydroperoxides into lipid alcohols, facilitating the imaging of lipid hydroperoxides within living cells [1] [2] [3].

DAF 2DA is widely used as a probe for NO measurement.

H2DCFDA (DCFH-DA) belongs to the class of green fluorescent dyes and is a probe for the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ex/Em=488/525 nm) with cell membrane permeability.

JC-1 (CBIC2) is a fluorescent lipophilic carbocyanine dye. It has been used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. JC 1 can be used in a probe for measuring mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry.

TMA-DPH, a hydrophobic fluorescent membrane probe (Ex: 355 nm; Em: 430 nm), is used for studying membrane dynamics and structure.

Rhod-2 AM is a fluorescent probe of the mitochondrion with λex of 552 nm and λem of 581 nm.

Laurdan (6-Dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene) is a fluorescent membrane probe that is spectrally sensitive to the phospholipid phase of the cell membrane to which it binds.

Dihydrofluorescein diacetate (Diacetyldihydrofluorescein) is a fluorescent probe for measuring oxidative stress in cell-free systems and cellular models.

5(6)-Aminofluorescein (5(6)-AFM) is a high-purity, high-quality chemical utilized as a molecular probe and a significant fluorescent agent.

Lucigenin (NSC-151912) (L-6868) is a chemiluminescent probe used to indicate the presence of endogenously generated superoxide anion radicals in cells.

Dansylcadaverine (Monodansyl cadaverine) is a fluorescent probe.

Bio-ben functions as a sulfenic acid probe, utilized for labeling both free sulfenic acid and cysteine sulfenic acid within proteins and peptides.

DFHBI-1T is an RNA aptamer-activated fluorescent probe that transmits through cell membranes.DFHBI-1T can be used for dynamic localization imaging of RNA in living cells.

DDAO is a promising near-infrared (NIR) red fluorescent probe with a long emission wavelength (λem = 656 nm) and a tunable excitation wavelength (600-650 nm). It can be designed for detecting the activities of various enzymes such as β-galactosidase, sulfatase, protein phosphatase 2A, carboxylesterase 2, human albumin, and esterases.

HKOH-1r is a highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe used for detecting endogenous hydroxyl radicals in living cells [1].

7-Fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonate (SBD-F) is a thiol-reactive fluorogenic probe.1It has been used to quantify the levels of homocysteine, cysteine, and cysteamine in human plasma.2SBD-F displays excitation/emission maxima of 380/515 nm, respectively.1 1.Imai, K., Toyo’oka, T., and Watanabe, Y.A novel fluorogenic reagent for thiols: Ammonium 7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-sulfonateAnal. Biochem.128(2)471-473(1983) 2.Ichinose, S., Nakamura, M., Maeda, M., et al.A validated HPLC-fluorescence method with a semi-micro column for routine determination of homocysteine, cysteine and cysteamine, and the relation between the thiol derivatives in normal human plasmaBiomed. Chromatogr.23(9)935-939(2009)

TRFS-red is the first red emission off-on probe for thioredoxin reductase.

9-Amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine is a pH-sensitive fluorescent probe commonly used to assess vacuolar pH variations during substrate translocation across the tonoplast through a putative H+ solute antiport system [1].

Zinquin ethyl ester is a cell membrane-penetrating and selective fluorescent probe for zinc ions that measures intracellular levels of Zn(2+) and Ca(2+) ions and can be used to stain early embryos.

3-(Dansylamino)phenylboronic acid, a phenylboronic acid derivative, serves as a probe for glucose detection [1].

Tetraphenylporphine sulfonate (TPPS) serves as a non-cytotoxic probe suitable for tumor localization detection [1].

8-Phenyl-BODIPY 505 515, a phenyl-substituted derivative of BODIPY, functions as a fluorophore and is utilized as a fluorescent probe [1] [2].

Oxonol V serves as a (slow-response) [sensitive] probe designed for the quantification of cellular membrane potential.

Mag-Indo-1 tetrapotassium salt is a cell-impermeable fluorescent probe designed for detecting Mg2+ [1].

Fmoc-Lys(5-FITC)-OH serves as a fluorescent marker for polypeptides and proteins, utilizing FITC—a pH and Cu^2+-sensitive dye—as its fluorescence probe for amine labeling [1] [2] [3].