8-[(2,6-dimethylbenzyl)amino]-2,3-dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-car is a H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.38μM.

Myosin light chain kinase fragment 11-19 amide (MLCK(11-19) amide) serves both as a substrate-specific peptide inhibitor of MLCK and as an inhibitor of hypotonicity-induced Ca2+ entry. This compound has applications in the research of human cervical cancer [1] [2].

Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine protease that is encoded by the F2 gene in humans. Thrombin is produced by the enzymatic cleavage of two sites on prothrombin by activated Factor X (Xa). Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble

Immunoglobulin light chain variable region fragment [Homo sapiens] is a fragment (Phe-Thr-Leu-Lys-Ile-Ser-Arg) on the variable region of the human immunoglobulin light chain.

Ferritin is a protein of 450 kDa consisting of 24 subunits that is present in every cell type. Invertebrates, these subunits are both the light (L) and the heavy (H) type with an apparent molecular weight of 19 kDA or 21 kDA respectively. The ferritin fou

Myosin H Chain Fragment, mouse acetate salt, a segment of the α-Myosin heavy chain peptide, is instrumental in developing the experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) mouse model [1] [2].

IgG has four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral

Immunoglobulin light chain variable region fragment [Homo sapiens]/[Mus musculus] is a fragment on the variable region of the human and mouse immunoglobulin light chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cells. An Ig molecule

Myosin H Chain Fragment, mouse, is a segment of the α-Myosin heavy chain peptide and serves as an inducer of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in mouse models [1] [2].

Immunoglobulin M heavy chain (IGHM) fragment [Homo sapiens] is a fragment (Gly-Val-Ala-Leu-His-Arg-Pro-Asp-Val-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Pro-Pro-Ala-Arg) on the human immunoglobulin micro heavy chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cell

Hydrocarbon chain derivative 1 has inhibitory activities against lipid synthesis.

This peptide is a fragment of the alpha-chain of insulin amino acids 1 to 13. The insulin a-chain epitope recognized by human T cells is posttranslationally modified.

Insulin β Chain Peptide (15-23), also referred to as INS, is an insulin-derived peptide that is specifically recognized by islet-associated T cells. The tetramer of Insulin β Chain Peptide (15-23) effectively stained the INS-reactive CTL clone G9C8; however, neither this tetramer nor the negative control tetramer (TUM) exhibited staining on the splenic CD8+ T cells obtained from NOD or 8.3-TCRαβ transgenic NOD mice.

InsB (9-23) is an insulin B-chain peptide that binds to a class II histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele called I-Ag7.

PA22-2 (free acid) (Cys-Laminin A chain 2091-2108), a peptide, promotes neurite outgrowth and facilitates the formation of neuron-like processes. It is utilized in the culturing of human adenoid cystic carcinoma cells and the development of peptide-functionalized supported phospholipid bilayers [1] [2] [3].

PA22-2, an active biological peptide featuring the IKVAV sequence from the laminin A-chain fragment, is derived from mouse laminin alpha1 amino acid residues 2110-2127. Substrates composed of PA22-2 have been shown to facilitate neurite outgrowth.

Dorlimomab aritox (4197X-RA; MDX-RA [ricin A chain] immunotoxin) is a monoclonal antibody of mouse origin that is conjugated to the A chain of ricin [1].

Telimomab aritox (T101-ricin A chain immunotoxin) is a mouse monoclonal antibody fused to the A chain of ricin protein, functioning as an immunosuppressive agent [1].

Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin, or Sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(biotinamido) Hexanoate, is a long-chain water-soluble biotinylating agent that targets cell surface proteins and is reactive to primary amine groups.

Branchamin is a group of amino acids.

N-Benzoyl-(2R,3S)-3-phenylisoserine (taxol side chain) is an intermediate in the preparation of potent anticancer drug Paclitaxel, used to study the location of the binding sites. It shows cytotoxic, antiviral and immunomodulatory activity.

MPP+ iodide, the metabolite of a neurotoxin MPTP, causes symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in animal models by selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. MPP+ induces dopamine transporter (DAT) externalization in dopaminergic (DA)

Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate sodium) is a long-chain fatty acid that inhibits the transport of fatty acids to cells. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium is an effective, irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium binds to CD36 receptors on the surface of microglia.

G-418 disulfate (Geneticin sulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, an inhibitor of protein synthesis with eukaryotic selectivity. G-418 disulfate blocks peptide synthesis by inhibiting peptide chain elongation.

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Sophoridine (Dihydro-5-episophocarpine), a natural anticancer drug, has been used in China for decades. A series of novel N-substituted Sophoridinic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity with 1 as the lead. The structure-activity relationship indicated that introduction of an aliphatic acyl on the nitrogen atom might significantly enhance the anticancer activity. Among the compounds, 6b bearing bromoacetyl side-chain afforded a potential effect against four human tumor cell lines (liver, colon, breast, and lung). The mechanism of action of 6b is to inhibit the activity of DNA topoisomerase I, followed by the S-phase arrest and then cause apoptotic cell death, similar to that of its parent 1.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring compound, acting as the electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Dimethylmalonic acid（2,2-Dimethylmalonic acid） is a short-chain dicarboxylic acid found in human serum that can be used to prevent or retard denaturation of fish actinomyosin in freezing buffer solution (pH 7).

1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) is a phospholipid containing the unsaturated long-chain (18:1) oleic acid inserted at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.

3-hydroxybutyric acid is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical pa

Benzalkonium chloride (Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) is a cationic surface-acting agent containing the quaternary ammonium group. It has three main categories of use: as a cationic surfactant, a biocide, and phase transfer agent in the chemical industry. This compound is a heterogeneous mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides of multiple even-numbered alkyl chain lengths.

Raffinose (Melitriose) is an indigestible short-chain oligosaccharide, a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose and fructose, found in many plants. It can be hydrolyzed by α-galactosidase (α-GAL) to D-galactose and sucrose.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

Decanedioic acid (Sebacinsaure) is a saturated, straight-chain naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

Lauric Acid (Dodecylic acid),which is found naturally in various plant and animal fats and oils, is a saturated medium-chain fatty acid with a 12-carbon backbone. It is a major component of coconut oil and palm kernel oil.

Tributyrin (Glyceryl tributyrate), a neutral short-chain fatty acid triglyceride, is a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of Butyric Acid. Tributyrin diffuses through biological membranes and is metabolized by intracellular lipases, releasing effective butyrate directly into the cell in vivo. Tributyrin has potent proapoptotic, antiproliferative, and differentiation-inducing effects.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholylglycine) is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.

Isethionic acid sodium salt (Sodium isethionate) is an organosulfur compound containing a short chain alkane sulfonate linked to a hydroxyl group. Mammals are able to endogenously synthesize Isethionic acid sodium salt via taurine through a possible enzymatic deamination process. Isethionic acid sodium salt can be found in both human plasma and urine. Higher plasma levels of Isethionic acid sodium salt have been shown to be protective against type 2 diabetes.

Sodium lauroyl glutamate (Acylglutamate LS-11) is an amino acid detergent and increases the solubility of long-chain alkyl gallates such as alkyl gallates.

2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (2-Hydroxycaproic acid) is a branched-chain alpha-keto acid that has been reported in normal human blood and in normal amniotic fluid. It has been found that 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is the most significant metabolite found in the CSF of patients infected with Nocardia.

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is an alkyl chain-based PROTAC linker that can be used in PROTAC synthesis.

Lycopene (ψ,ψ-Carotene) is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet.

Malonic acid (propanedioic acid) is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Boc-C16-COOH is a alkyl-chain-based PROTAC linker. Boc-C16-COOH is a non-cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine (Ac-Tyr-OH) is a side chain reaction of tyrosine. It converts to tyrosine and then can be used in neurotransmitter treatment as a precursor of cathecholamine.

L-Isoleucine (Ile) is an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

(4S,5R)-3-tert-butoxycarbony-2-(4-anisy)-4-phenyl-5-oxazolidinecarboxylic acid a.k.a. polyene-paclitaxel side chain is used as a pharmaceutical intermediate mainly for synthesizing the drug polyene-paclitaxel.

Hemopressin (rat) acetate is a nonapeptide derived from the α1-chain of hemoglobin, is originally isolated from rat brain homogenates. Hemopressin is orally active, selective and inverse agonist of CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Hemopressin exerts antinocicep

Laminin (925-933) acetate is derived from the Laminin B1 chain that binds to the laminin receptor.