replication

Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for the entry in S phase and for cell division. Plays a role in terminally differentiated hair cells development of the cochlea and induces cells apoptosis.

Immediate-early transcription factor that controls the initiation of viral lytic gene expression and lytic reactivation from latency. Triggers lytic replication, and initiates a cellular senescence program in epithelial cells. Upregulates human DCR3/TNFRSF6B by directly binding to its receptor. Epstein-Barr virus (strain GD1) BRLF1 Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.9 kDa and the accession number is Q3KSS7.

RPA3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

RPA1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 84.0 kDa and the accession number is P27694.

PPP2CA Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli.

The RecF protein is involved in DNA metabolism; it is required for DNA replication and normal SOS inducibility. RecF binds preferentially to single-stranded, linear DNA. It also seems to bind ATP.

Human Papilloma Virus type 11 (HPV 11) Regulatory Protein E1 (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.1 kDa and the accession number is P04014.

RPA2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli.

Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier 2 (SUMO2) is an Ubiquitin-like protein that belongs to the ubiquitin family with SUMO subfamily. It is a family of small, related proteins that can be enzymatically attached to a target protein by a post-translational modification process termed sumoylation. SUMO2 can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. Covalent attachment via an isopeptidebond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by an E3 ligase such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Polymeric SUMO2 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins.

The non—structural protein 13 (nsp13) of SARS—CoV 2 is a helicase that separates double—stranded RNA or DNA with a 5'—3' polarity, using the energy of nucleotide hydrolysis. A basic biochemical characterization of nsp13 demonstrated that it can unwind both doublestranded DNA and RNA in a 5’-3’ direction, and it can hydrolyze all deoxyribonucleotide and ribonucleotide triphosphates. Helicases are motor proteins that utilize the energy derived from nucleotide hydrolysisto unwind double-stranded nucleic acids into two single-stranded nucleic acids. Initially, helicases were only thought to be molecular engines that unwind nucleic acids during replication, recombination, and DNA repair. Recent studies have shown that they are also involved in other biological processes, including displacement of proteins from nucleic acid, movement of Holliday junctions, chromatin remodeling, catalysis of nucleic acid conformational changes, several aspects of RNA metabolism, including transcription, mRNA splicing, mRNA export, translation, RNA stability and mitochondrial gene expression. Some human diseases, including Bloom’s syndrome, Werner’s syndrome, and Xeroderma Pigmentosum have been associated with defects in helicase function.

Plays an essential role in the initiation of viral DNA synthesis. Binds specifically to an inverted terminal repeat element (ITR) on the 3' and 5' ends of the viral DNA, where it cleaves a site specifically to generate a priming site for initiation of the synthesis of a complementary strand. Plays also a role as transcriptional regulator, DNA helicase and as key factors in site-specific integration of the viral genome. Regulates host PKA activity by interacting with host PRKX as a mechanism of interfering with helper virus propagation and promoting its own replication. Inhibits the host cell cycle G1/S, S and G2/M transitions. These arrests may provide essential cellular factors for viral DNA replication.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. IBV (strain Beaudette CK) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.2 kDa and the accession number is P69597.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. IBV (strain V18/91) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48 kDa and the accession number is Q96605.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. IBV (strain D1466) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.1 kDa and the accession number is Q9J4A3.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. Bovine coronavirus (strain F15) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 51.7 kDa and the accession number is P19902.

Structural protein that is not essential for the viral replication either in tissue culture or in its natural host. Bovine coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110-ENT) Protein I (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.0 kDa and the accession number is Q91A21.

Structural protein that is not essential for the viral replication either in tissue culture or in its natural host. Bovine coronavirus (strain LY-138) Protein I (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25.4 kDa and the accession number is Q9QAR7.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. Bovine coronavirus (strain Quebec) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.3 kDa and the accession number is P59712.

Plays a key role in the switch from latent infection to lytic cycle producing new virions. Acts as a transcription factor, inducing early lytic cycle genes, and as a origin binding protein for genome replication. BZLF1 activates the promoter of another EBV gene (BSLF2+BMLF1).

Transcriptional factor regulating the expression of cell cycle genes essential for DNA replication and mitosis. Plays a role in the control of cell proliferation. Plays also a role in DNA breaks repair participating in the DNA damage checkpoint response. FOxM1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.2 kDa and the accession number is Q08050.

Component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex that is essential for the replication of chromosome termini. Also component of the ribonucleoprotein vaults particle, a multi-subunit structure involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. Responsible for the localizing and stabilizing vault RNA (vRNA) association in the vault ribonucleoprotein particle. Binds to TERC. TEP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.8 kDa and the accession number is Q99973.

Cis-aconitate decarboxylase that catalyzes production of itaconate and is involved in the inhibition of the inflammatory response. Acts as a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated inflammatory innate response by stimulating the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein TNFAIP3 expression via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-tolerized macrophages. Involved in antimicrobial response of innate immune cells; ACOD1-mediated itaconic acid production contributes to the antimicrobial activity of macrophages. Involved in antiviral response following infection by flavivirus in neurons: ACOD1-mediated itaconate production inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, generating a metabolic state in neurons that suppresses replication of viral genomes. Plays a role in the embryo implantation.

Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. HIST1H2BM Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.8 kDa and the accession number is P10854.

A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded (ds) DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to maintain chromosomes in an underwound state. This makes better substrates for topoisomerase IV (ParC and ParE) which is the main enzyme that unlinks newly replicated chromosomes in E.coli. Gyrase catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of dsDNA rings, including catenanes. Relaxes negatively supercoiled DNA in an ATP-independent manner. E.coli gyrase has higher supercoiling activity than many other bacterial gyrases; at comparable concentrations E.coli gyrase introduces more supercoils faster than M.tuberculosis gyrase, while M.tuberculosis gyrase has higher decatenation than supercoiling activity compared to E.coli. E.coli makes 15% more negative supercoils in pBR322 plasmid DNA than S.typhimurium; the S.typhimurium GyrB subunit is toxic in E.coli, while the E.coli copy can be expressed in S.typhimurium even though the 2 subunits have 777/804 residues identical. The enzymatic differences between E.coli gyrase and topoisomerase IV are largely due to the GyrA C-terminal domain (approximately residues 524-841) and specifically the GyrA-box.; Negative supercoiling favors strand separation, and DNA replication, transcription, recombination and repair, all of which involve strand separation. Type II topoisomerases break and join 2 DNA strands simultaneously in an ATP-dependent manner.

Important in genetic recombination, DNA repair, and replication. Possesses pairing and strand-transfer activity. Interacts with dda and gene 32 proteins.

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that participates in viral DNA replication, formation of concatemers, recombination and repair of double-stranded breaks. Coats the lagging-strand ssDNA as the replication fork advances and stimulates the activities of viral DNA polymerase and primase/helicase. Coordinates simultaneous synthesis of leading- and lagging-strands. Together with DNA primase/helicase, promotes pairing of two homologous DNA molecules containing complementary single-stranded regions and mediates homologous DNA strand exchange. Promotes also the formation of joint molecules. Disrupts loops, hairpins and other secondary structures present on ssDNA to reduce and eliminate pausing of viral DNA polymerase at specific sites during elongation.

Following virus entry into host cell, provides nuclear import of HDV RNPs thanks to its nuclear localization signal. Needs co-infection with hepatitis B virus to provide surface proteins, otherwise there is no packaging or budding. Packages the HDV ribonucleoprotein in hepatitis B virus empty particles. Interacts with both HDV genomic RNA and cytoplasmic tail of HBsAg. May inhibit viral RNA replication. Hepatitis delta virus genotype I (HDV) Large delta antigen Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in yeast with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.7 kDa and the accession number is P0C6L6.

Plays a crucial role in virus assembly into filaments and budding. Early in infection, localizes in the nucleus where it may inhibit host cell transcription. Later in infection, traffics to the cytoplasm through the action of host CRM1 to associate with inclusion bodies, the site of viral transcription and replication. During virus assembly and budding, acts as a bridge between the nucleocapsid and the lipid bilayer.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.

Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Binds to 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains in a length-dependent manner and with a lower affinity to 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Proposed to be capable to bind simultaneously to the 26S proteasome and to polyubiquitinated substrates and to deliver ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome.; Involved in nucleotide excision repair and is thought to be functional equivalent for RAD23B in global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) by association with XPC. In vitro, the XPC:RAD23A dimer has NER activity. Can stabilize XPC.; (Microbial infection) Involved in Vpr-dependent replication of HIV-1 in non-proliferating cells and primary macrophages. Required for the association of HIV-1 Vpr with the host proteasome.

Protein with pleiotropic attributes mediated in a cell-compartment- and tissue-specific manner, which include the plasma membrane-associated cell signaling functions, mitochondrial chaperone, and transcriptional co-regulator of transcription factors in the nucleus. Plays a role in adipose tissue and glucose Homeostasis in a sex-specific manner. Contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling by accelerating proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.; In the mitochondria, together with PHB2, forms large ring complexes (prohibitin complexes) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and functions as chaperone protein that stabilizes mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and maintains mitochondrial integrity in the IMM, which is required for mitochondrial morphogenesis, neuronal survival, and normal lifespan (Probable). The prohibitin complex, with DNAJC19, regulates cardiolipin remodeling and the protein turnover of OMA1 in a cardiolipin-binding manner. Regulates mitochondrial respiration activity playing a role in cellular aging. The prohibitin complex plays a role of mitophagy receptor involved in targeting mitochondria for autophagic degradation. Involved in mitochondrial-mediated antiviral innate immunity, activates DDX58/RIG-I-mediated signal transduction and production of IFNB1 and proinflammatory cytokine IL6.; In the nucleus, acts as a transcription coregulator, enhances promoter binding by TP53, a transcription factor it activates, but reduces the promoter binding by E2F1, a transcription factor it represses. Interacts with STAT3 to affect IL17 secretion in T-helper Th17 cells.; In the plasma membrane, cooperates with CD86 to mediate CD86-signaling in B lymphocytes that regulates the level of IgG1 produced through the activation of distal signaling intermediates. Upon CD40 engagement, required to activate NF-kappa-B signaling pathway via phospholipase C and protein kinase C activation.; (Microbial infection) In neuronal cells, cell surface-expressed PHB is involved in human enterovirus 71/EV-71 entry into neuronal cells specifically, while membrane-bound mitochondrial PHB associates with the virus replication complex and facilitates viral replication. May serve as a receptor for EV71.

The histone chaperone anti-silencing factor 1a (ASF1a) interacts with MDC1 and is recruited to sites of DSBs to facilitate the interaction of phospho-ATM with MDC1 and phosphorylation of MDC1, which are required for the recruitment of RNF8/RNF168 histone ubiquitin ligases. Thus, ASF1a deficiency reduces histone ubiquitination at DSBs, decreasing the recruitment of 53BP1, and decreases NHEJ, rendering cells more sensitive to DSBs. This role of ASF1a in DSB repair cannot be provided by the closely related ASF1b and does not require its histone chaperone activity. Homozygous deletion of ASF1A is seen in 10%-15% of certain cancers, suggesting that loss of NHEJ may be selected in some malignancies and that the deletion can be used as a molecular biomarker for cancers susceptible to radiotherapy or to DSB-inducing chemotherapy. Anti-silencing function 1 (ASF1) is a histone H3-H4 chaperone involved in DNA replication and repair, and transcriptional regulation. Here, we identify ASF1B, the mammalian paralog to ASF1, as a proliferation-inducing histone chaperone in human β-cells. Overexpression of ASF1B led to distinct transcriptional signatures consistent with increased cellular proliferation and reduced cellular death.

Histone H3.1, also known as HIST1H3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, HIST1H3D, HIST1H3E, HIST1H3F, HIST1H3G, HIST1H3H, HIST1H3I, HIST1H3J, is a member of the histone H3 family which is a core component of nucleosome. It is expressed during the S phase, then expression strongly decreases as cell division slows down during the process of differentiation. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machinery which requires DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication, and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. This structure consists of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around an octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher-order chromatin structures.

ING4 is similar to ING1, a tumor suppressor protein that can interact with TP53, inhibit cell growth, and induce apoptosis. ING4 contains a PHD-finger, which is a common motif in proteins involved in chromatin remodeling. ING4 protein can bind TP53 and EP3/p3, a component of the histone acetyltransferase complex, suggesting its involvement in the TP53-dependent regulatory pathway. ING4 is a component of the HBO1 complex which has a histone H4-specific acetyltransferase activity, a reduced activity toward histone H3 and is responsible for the bulk of histone H4 acetylation in vivo. Through chromatin acetylation, it may function in DNA replication. ING4 may also inhibit tumor progression by modulating the transcriptional output of signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation.

Tousled-like kinase 1 (or protein kinase ubiquitous, PKU-beta/TLK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is implicated in chromatin remodeling, DNA replication and mitosis. TLK1 has a function important for proper chromosome segregation and maintenance of diploid cells at mitosis in mammalian cells that could be mediated by reduced phosphorylation of histone H3 and condensation of chromosomes, although other explanations to the phenotype are possible.

NSP10 is a major regulator of coronavirus replicase function. NSP10 contains two zinc fingers and binds and stimulates both NSP14 and NSP16 activities. Researchers has found that the nsp10 surface that interacts with nsp14 and nsp16 and possibly other subunits of the viral replication complex may be a target for the development of antiviral compounds against pathogenic coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 NSP10 Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 15.7 kDa and the accession number is YP_009725306.1.

This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis. Plays a role in the positive regulation of IFNG transcription in T-helper 1 cells as part of an IFNG promoter-binding complex with TXK and PARP1.; (Microbial infection) Required for the translation of viral proteins and viral replication during human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection.

C-C Motif Chemokine 3 (MIP-1 alpha,CCL3 ) is a member of the beta or CC subfamily of chemokines and is closely related to CCL4/MIP-1 beta. CCL3 expression can be induced in a variety of hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells. Mature mouse CCL3 shares 73%, 91%, and 82% amino acid sequence identity with human, rat, and cotton rat CCL3, respectively. CCL3 exerts its biological functions through interactions with CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. It is cleared from the extracellular space by internalization via the decoy chemokine receptor D6. CCL3 promotes the chemoattraction, adhesion to activated vascular endothelium, and cellular activation of many hematopoietic cell types including activated T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and eosinophils. CCL3 is also known as stem cell inhibitor (SCI) and can inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. CCL3 bioactivity contributes to tumor metastasis and the inflammatory components of viral infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis, although it also can suppress the replication of HIV.

The positive-stranded RNA genome of the coronaviruses is translated from ORF1 to yield polyproteins that are proteolytically processed into intermediate and mature nonstructural proteins (nsps). SARS-CoV 2 polyproteins incorporate 16 protein domains (nsps). The putative non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) of SARS-CoV plays an important role in viral transcription and replication, and is an attractive target for anti-SARS drug development.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. IBV (strain SAIB20) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.1 kDa and the accession number is Q8JMI6.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. IBV (strain Vic S) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.4 kDa and the accession number is Q96598.

Packages the positive strand viral genome RNA into a helical ribonucleocapsid (RNP) and plays a fundamental role during virion assembly through its interactions with the viral genome and membrane protein M. Plays an important role in enhancing the efficiency of subgenomic viral RNA transcription as well as viral replication. Bat coronavirus HKU3 Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47 kDa and the accession number is Q3LZX4.

DNA helicase that stimulates viral DNA replication and recombination. Plays a role in T4 DNA replication initiation by selecting and activating DNA origins. Acts by dissociating and reassociating with the DNA molecule being unwound. Unwinds DNA as a monomer in a 5'-to-3' direction at a rate of 250 bp/s and can efficiently displace proteins from the DNA. ATP-dependent DNA helicase dda Protein, Enterobacteria phage T4, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 54.0 kDa and the accession number is P32270.

Encapsidates the genome protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the nucleocapsid (NC) and serves as template for transcription and replication. Seems to participate in the nuclear relocalization of host PABP1, thereby inhibiting host cellular translation. Bunyavirus La Crosse Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.5 kDa and the accession number is P04873.

Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by PolIV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. May be involved in translesional synthesis, in conjunction with the beta clamp from PolIII. DNA polymerase IV Protein, Colwellia psychrerythraea, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 39.3 kDa and the accession number is Q487H6.

Promotes both transcription and replication of genomic RNA. Following virus entry into host cell, provides nuclear import of HDV RNPs thanks to its nuclear localization signal. May interact with host RNA polymerase II thereby changing its template requirement from DNA to RNA. RNA pol II complex would then acts as an RNA-directed RNA polymerase, and transcribe and replicate HDV genome. Hepatitis delta virus genotype I (HDV) Small delta antigen Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25.4 kDa and the accession number is P06934.

Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structure-dependent activities such as microRNA production or targeting or protein-RNA interactions. Can edit both viral and cellular RNAs and can edit RNAs at multiple sites (hyper-editing) or at specific sites (site-specific editing). Its cellular RNA substrates include: bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate (GRIA2) and serotonin (HTR2C) and GABA receptor (GABRA3). Site-specific RNA editing of transcripts encoding these proteins results in amino acid substitutions which consequently alters their functional activities. Exhibits low-level editing at the GRIA2 Q/R site, but edits efficiently at the R/G site and HOTSPOT1. Its viral RNA substrates include: hepatitis C virus (HCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Exhibits either a proviral (HDV, MV, VSV and HIV-1) or an antiviral effect (HCV) and this can be editing-dependent (HDV and HCV), editing-independent (VSV and MV) or both (HIV-1). Impairs HCV replication via RNA editing at multiple sites. Enhances the replication of MV, VSV and HIV-1 through an editing-independent mechanism via suppression of EIF2AK2/PKR activation and function. Stimulates both the release and infectivity of HIV-1 viral particles by an editing-dependent mechanism where it associates with viral RNAs and edits adenosines in the 5'UTR and the Rev and Tat coding sequence. Can enhance viral replication of HDV via A-to-I editing at a site designated as amber/W, thereby changing an UAG amber stop codon to an UIG tryptophan (W) codon that permits synthesis of the large delta antigen (L-HDAg) which has a key role in the assembly of viral particles. However, high levels of ADAR1 inhibit HDV replication.

Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then rotates around the intact phosphodiester bond on the opposing strand, thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone. Regulates the alternative splicing of tissue factor (F3) pre-mRNA in endothelial cells. Involved in the circadian transcription of the core circadian clock component ARNTL/BMAL1 by altering the chromatin structure around the ROR response elements (ROREs) on the ARNTL/BMAL1 promoter.

Encapsidates the viral RNA genome by forming a left-handed helical nucleocapsid that protects the RNA from nucleases. RNA replication depends on the availability of soluble nucleoprotein. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the NC and serves as template for transcription and replication.

Encapsidates the genome in a ratio of 1 N per 6 ribonucleotides, protecting it from nucleases. The nucleocapsid (NC) has a helical structure. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the NC and serves as template for transcription and replication. During replication, encapsidation by N is coupled to RNA synthesis and all replicative products are resistant to nucleases. Human parainfluenza 1 virus (HPIV-1) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 63.6 kDa and the accession number is P24304.