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All-trans-retinal (Vitamin A aldehyde) is a one of the major vitamin A metabolites in the retina. All-trans-RAL is regenerated to the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal in physiological conditions.

all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid (all-trans 4-Keto Retinoic Acid) is an active metabolite of vitamin A.

Fucoxanthin (all-trans-Fucoxanthin) is a carotenoid naturally found in certain algae, serving as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, which imparts a brown or olive-green color. It exhibits anti-obesity, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Retinol (Alphalin) and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

Squalene (AddaVax) is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity.

Canthaxanthin (E 161g) is a red-orange carotenoid that belongs to the xanthophyll group. This naturally occurring pigment is present in bacteria, algae and some fungi.

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a natural agonist of the retinoic acid receptor RAR and inhibits RARα β γ (IC50=14 nM). Retinoic acid induces cellular differentiation, reduces cellular proliferation, and inhibits tumorigenesis.

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; all-cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid) sodium, a 20-carbon ω-6 fatty acid, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. It has been shown to mitigate atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E deficient mouse model system [1] [2] [3].

Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina (particularly the macula) and has antioxidant activity that may improve obesity, prevent age-related macular degeneration, and protect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

All-trans-Phytofluene (Phytofluene), a compound extractable from tomatoes, plays a crucial role in the isomerization of lycopene and phytoene within the same fruit.

All-trans-Anhydro Retinol (Anhydrovitamin A) is a Vitamin A metabolite commonly employed in the synthesis of multivitamin preparations[1].

All-trans-13,14-Dihydroretinol, a metabolite of all-trans-retinoic acid, is synthesized through the enzymatic action of retinol saturase on all-trans-retinoic acid.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-(3''-O-methyl) gallate ((-)-EGCG-3''-O-ME) is a natural product isolated from tea leaves with potent antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties, and it improves the adhesive stability of etching rinsing adhesives to dentin.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

Gallic acid (Benzoic acid) is found in almost all plants. Plants known for their high gallic acid content include gallnuts,grapes,tea,hops and oak bark.

Propyl gallate (Gallic acid propyl esterZ) is an antioxidant used in foods especially animal fats and vegetable oils, also in a wide variety of cosmetics and beauty care products.

Tricarballylic acid (Carballylic acid) is an inhibitor of aconitase.

Allura Red AC (CI 16035) is a very important food azo dye used in the food, pharmaceutical, paper, cosmetic and textile industries.Allura Red AC promotes susceptibility to experimental colitis via mouse intestinal serotonin.

6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)purine (Triacanthine), which is a plant growth substance, shows hypertensive and antitumor activity, also cardiotonic, antispasmodic and a respiratory analeptic.

Ethyl gallate (gallic acid ethyl ester) obviously decreases cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, exhibits cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Ethyl gallate can inhibit the abilities of invasion of breast cancer in vitro by inhibiting the mRNA levels of MMP-9 MMP-2, phosphorylation of Akt and protein expression of NF-κB and inhibits hydrogen peroxide signaling, may represent an alternative class of vasopressors for use in septic shock. Also, Ethyl gallate suppresses proliferation and invasion in human breast cancer cells by modulating the PI3K Akt pathway, which may contribute to inhibiting their downstream targets such as NF-κB p-65, Bcl-2 Bax, and mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer cells, could be used as potential antioxidants with safe therapeutic application in cancer chemotherapy.

Pyrogallol (Piral) is a white crystalline powder and a powerful reducing agent prepared by heating gallic acid.

L-Allothreonine (L-allo-Threonine) is an essential amino acid in humans. L-Allothreonine is abundant in human plasma, particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. L-Allothreonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. L-Allothreonine also can probably promote cell immune defense function. L-Allothreonine is highly concentrated in meat products, cottage cheese, and wheat germ.

Methyl 3-O-methylgallate (M3OMG) is a rare natural product with promising antioxidant activities.

Alloepipregnanolone is a pregnane with anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.

Allyl Methyl Sulfide is a bioactive organosulfur compound found in garlic with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.

Methyl gallate (Gallincin) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antioxidant, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibition activities.

1. Octyl Gallate is an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. 2. Octyl Gallate has antimetastatic activity. 3. Octyl Gallate shows antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 ug mL. 4. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.5. Octyl Gallate is a potential anticancer agent, it exhibited decreased MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231 survival and induced apoptosis, with IC50 value of 40 uM. 6. Octyl gallate (Octyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) has antiviral activity, it shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HEp-2 or Vero cells. 7. Octyl gallate shows antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii ATCC 60483.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a phenolic antioxidant polyphenol flavonoid found in plants such as green and black tea, which inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, blocks the activation of EGF receptors and HER-2 receptors, inhibits cellular oxidation, and prevents free radical damage to cells.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

2-Allylphenol (NSC-1538) exhibits antifungal activity.

Allantoin (Glyoxyldiureide), a urea hydantoin found in urine and plants, is used in dermatological preparations.

Diallyl disulfide has antitumor effect, the effect can be enhanced by miR-200b and miR-22.

(-)-Epigallocatechin, the predominant flavonoid in green tea, possesses the unique ability to attach to unfolded native polypeptides, thereby inhibiting their transformation into amyloid fibrils.

Fallaxsaponin A is isolated from the alkaline hydrolysis products of total saponins in Radix Palygalae.

Resveratrol 4'-(6-galloylglucoside) (Resveratrol-4'-O-(6 -galloyl)glucoside) is a natural poduct found in the roots of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.).

11-O-Galloylbergenin is isolated from of Mallotus philippinensis with antioxidant and antiplasmodial activities.

Allopurinol riboside is a metabolite of allopurinol with potency against parasites. Allopurinol riboside competitively inhibits the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase on inosine with a Ki of 277 μM.

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) is a fatty acid widely found in plants with antitumor and antiproliferative effects, inhibits the growth of xenograft tumor cells, and can be used in the study of inflammation-related diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and atopic dermatitis.

3(Z),6(Z),9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-Octadecapentaenoic acid, a microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is identified in G. kowalevskii and serves as a chemotaxonomic biomarker for microalgae and dinoflagellates.

Alliin ((S)-3-(Allylsulphinyl)-L-alanine) is a garlic organosulfur compound that possesses various pharmacological properties.alliin protected against LPS-induced ALI by activating PPARγ, which subsequently inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory response. Alliin might be used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of ALI.

Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (8-Gingerol) , a major polyphenol found in black tea, is an inducer of oxidative stress which has anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive actions, it reduces tumor angiogenesis by downregulating HIF-1αand VEGF.

(-)-Gallocatechin ((−)-GC) has free radical scavenging ability and moderate affinity to the human cannabinoid receptor.

1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Pentagalloylglucose (Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) and gallic acid from Pistacia lentiscus have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities. 2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) possesses potent anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects, it also has inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 activity. 3. PGG may serve as a model for the development of new types of anti-diabetic and anti-metabolic syndrome therapeutics. 4. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta- O -galloyl-β- d -glucose has vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects, it dilates vascular smooth muscle and suppresses the vascular inflammatory process via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling. 5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose can decrease the level of extracellular hepatitis B virus (HBV) (IC5, 1. microg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner, it also can reduce the HBsAg level by 25% at a concentration of 4 microg/ml; the gallate structure of PGG may play a critical role in the inhibition of anti-HBV activity, suggests that PGG could be a candidate for developing an anti-HBV agent. 6. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose has anti-parasitic activity, displays an EC5 value of 67 μM, at least 6.6-fold more effective than the standard drug benznidazole against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi.

S-allyl-L-cysteine (S-Allylcysteine), a natural constituent of fresh garlic, has antioxidant and anticancer properties in animals.

(+)-Gallocatechin (Gallocatechol) possesses free radical scavenging ability. (+)-Gallocatechin has moderate affinity to the human cannabinoid receptor.

Gallein (Mordant violet 25) is a small molecule inhibitor of Gβγ activity.

Theaflavin-3-gallate (Theaflavine-3-Gallate) can play a role in decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption via inhibition of micelle formation. Theaflavin-3-gallate has anticancer and apoptotic effects in non-small cell lung carcinoma, it acts as prooxidants and induce oxidative stress, with carcinoma cells more sensitive than normal fibroblasts.

(-)-Gallocatechin gallate ((-)-gallocatechin-3-O-gallate) is the polyphenol isolated from tea, with cancer-preventive activities. (-)-Gallocatechin gallate decreases osteoclastogenesis at 20 microM.