dopamine

Dopamine hydrochloride (ASL279) is a naturally occurring catecholamine formed by decarboxylation of dihydroxyphenylalanine and a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine hydrochloride binds to alpha-1- and beta-1- adrenergic receptors.

Dopamine 3-O-sulfate, primarily found in plasma, serves as a biomarker for identifying aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency [1].

Coryneine (Trimethyl(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)aminium) is a quaternary ammonium derivative of dopamine derived from aconite root.

PALDA (N-Palmitoyl dopamine) is a fatty acid dopamine found in the mammalian brain that is inactive against TRPV1 and inactivates at TRPV(1)R. It is used in the study of duodenal ulcers.

5,6-Dihydroxyindole (Dopamine lutine) is a melanin precursor and has a broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic activity. It has cytotoxic effects and is strongly toxic against various pathogens.

3-Methoxytyramine hydrochloride (3-O-methyl Dopamine hydrochloride) is an inactive metabolite of dopamine which can activate trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). 3-methoxytyramine can be found primarily in human brain and most tissues tissues; and in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) or urine. Within a cell, 3-methoxytyramine is primarily located in the cytoplasm.

Syrosingopine has selective depleting effect on brain amines is potentiated by combined treatment with disulfiram or fusaric acid, a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.

1. Hypericin (Cyclosan) has antineoplastic activity. 2. Hypericin has antibiotic and antiviral activities. 3. Hypericin has antidepressive activity through inhibiting monoamine oxidase enzyme. 4. Hypericin inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis via affecting ERK signalling in vitro and suppresses wear particle-induced osteolysis in vivo.

N-Acetyldopamine dimer-3 (Compound 11), a naturally occurring chemical, is present in the species Aspongopus chinensis [1].

5-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride is a naturally occurring amine in human urine with an IC50 value of 22 µM for the Luxaphone receptor.5-Hydroxydopamine has potential antimicrobial and anticancer activities.5-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride is a natural amine in human urine with an IC50 value of 22 µM for the Luxaphone receptor.

N-acetyldopamine (NADA) is a catecholamine utilized by insects as a precursor for sclerotization, a process that strengthens their cuticle.

1. Palmatine (Burasaine) is an inhibitor of dopamine generation. 2. Palmatine could potentially be developed for the treatment of flavivirus infections. 3. Palmatine has been used in the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, hypertension, inflammation, and liver-related diseases.

Cabergoline (FCE-21336) is an ergot derived-dopamine D2-like receptor agonist. It has high affinity for D2, D3, and 5-HT2B receptors (Ki=0.7, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively).Cabergoline permits rapid and effective hormonal and tumor control by normalizing prolactin-producing pituitary adenomas levels.

D-Phenylalanine, a necessary aromatic amino acid, is a precursor of thyroxine, dopamine, melanin, and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. Levodopa is a prodrug that is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. When in the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine and stimulates the dopaminergic receptors, thereby compensating for the depleted supply of endogenous dopamine seen in Parkinson's disease. To assure that adequate concentrations of levodopa reach the central nervous system, it is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, thereby diminishing the decarboxylation and inactivation of levodopa in peripheral tissues and increasing the delivery of dopamine to the CNS.

Rotundine (Gindarine) (L-tetrahydropalmatine, L-THP) is a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 166 nM.

Catalpalactone exhibits high antitermitic, and cytotoxic activities, it exhibits potent inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells , with IC50 values of 9.80 microM. Catalpalactone can inhibit dopamine biosynthesis by

Reynosin has hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects, it has protective effect against dopamine-induced neuronal cell death, which may be due to the reciprocal up-regulation of E6-associated protein and down-regulation of α±-synuclein protein expr

Homovanillic acid sulfate is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes, and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain.In psychiatry and neuroscience, brain and cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid are measured as a marker of metabolic

Escin Ib inhibits gastric emptying, at least in part, mediated by capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, to stimulate the synthesis and/or release of dopamine, to act through central dopamine2 receptor, which in turn causes the release of PGs.

Tetrahydropapaverine hydrochloride (Norlaudanosine HCl) , an analogue of salsolinol and tetrahydropapaveroline, has neurotoxicity on dopamine neurons.

Octodrine (2-Amino-6-methylheptane) is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor, but mainly as a pharmaceutical intermediate of Octamylamine.

Trimipramine maleate (Surmontil maleate) appears to inhibit serotonin transport and norepinephrine uptake by nerve terminals. This increases available norepinephrine or serotonin and prolongs its action. Trimipramine Maleate is the maleate salt form of trimipramine, a tricyclic secondary amine of the dibenzazepine class, with an antidepressant property.

Etilevodopa is an ethyl-ester prodrug of Levodopa which is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is rapidly hydrolyzed to Levodopa and ethanol by nonspecific esterases in the gastrointestinal tract. Levodopa is the direct precursor of dop

D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor, it can obviously inhibit the uptake of monocrotaline (MCT) in MDCK-hOCT1 cells and isolate rat primary hepatocytes, and attenuate the viability reduction and LDH release of the prim

Benzamide (Amid kyseliny benzoove), an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, is a derivative of benzoic acid.

(-)-Isocorypalmine ((S)-Tetrahydrocolumbamine), a natural product isolated from Corydalis chaerophylla, has significant antifungal activity.

Tetrahydropalmatine hydrochloride (Gindarine hydrochloride) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in several different plant species, mainly in the Corydalis genus (Yan Hu Suo). It is a potent muscle relaxant.

3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is the main metabolite of dopamine.

1. Acetylcorynoline (O-Acetylcorynoline) has antifungal、anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Acetylcorynoline may be one of the potent immunosuppressive agents through the blockage of dendritic cells maturation and function. 3. Acetylcorynoline is potential as a possible antiparkinsonian drug. (1) Significantly decreases dopaminergic neuron degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in BZ555 strain; (2) Prevents α-synuclein aggregation; (3) Restores food-sensing behavior, and dopamine levels; (4) Prolongs life-span in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated N2 strain. 4. Acetylcorynoline may exert its effects by decreasing egl-1 expression to suppress apoptosis pathways and by increasing rpn5 expression to enhance the activity of proteasomes.

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6 phosphate) is the active form of vitamin B6 and a coenzyme for many pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. PLP is involved in numerous enzymatic transamination, decarboxylation and deamination reactions; it is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and amino acid metabolites, and for the synthesis and/or catabolism of certain neurotransmitters, including the conversion of glutamate into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and levodopa into dopamine. PLP can be used as a dietary supplement in cases of vitamin B6 deficiency. Reduced levels of PLP in the brain can cause neurological dysfunction.

Catalponol can enhance dopamine biosynthesis by inducing TH activity and protect against L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells, which was mediated by the increased levels of cyclic AMP.

5,7-Dimethoxyluteolin is a natural product from Hovenia acerba. 5,7-Dimethoxyluteolin is a dopamine transporter (DAT) activator with an EC50 of 3.417 μM.

Tetrahydropalmatine (DL-Tetrahydropalmatine) is an active component isolated from corydalis, suppressing amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats.

Dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor is a potent compound.

Hirsuteine is a natural product. It non-competitively antagonizes nicotine-mediated dopamine release by blocking ion permeation through nicotinic receptor channel complexes.

4-Hydroxyderricin, a potent and selective MAO-B inhibitor (IC50: 3.43 μM), is the main active ingredient of Angelica sinensis, which mildly inhibits dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and possesses antidepressant activity.

Oosponol is a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor exhibiting hypotensive effects.

Homovanillic acid (Vanillacetic acid) is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, growth hormone deficiency, celiac disease, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.

Amantadine (1-Aminoadamantane) is an antiviral, is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake.

DL-Goitrin is a potent antithyroid compound found naturally in crucifers. DL-Goitrin is responsible for the induction of glutathione S-transferases. DL-Goitrin is a moderate inhibitor of purified bovine adrenal dopamine beta-hydroxylase, leads to a depression of brain norepinephrine and to an elevation of heart and adrenal dopamine.

2'-O-Methylisoliquiritigenin, a compound synthesized by enzymes specifically induced in NR.2'-O-Methylisoliquiritigenin, isolated from the Arachis species, up-regulates 5-HT, NE, DA and GABA pathways, but does not put a very significant effect on ne NE pathway.

3-Methoxytyramine, an extracellular metabolite of 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine, is a neuromodulator.

Tetrahydroberberine (Canadine) is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from corydalis tuber, has a micromolar affinity for dopamine D(2) receptors.

Paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone)(Invega) is used as an atypical antipsychotic. It applies to the acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. Chemically, paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older atypical antipsychotic risperidone.

Nuciferine ((-)-Nuciferine) is an alkaloid found within the plants Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera. It has a profile of action associated with dopamine receptor blockade.

L-741626 (3-(4-(4-Chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole) is a selective antagonist of D2 dopamine receptor (Ki: 2.4, 100, and 220 nM for human D2, D3 and D4 receptors respectively).

Glaucine has antitussive, antioxidative potential and antiviral activities, it may be an anti-arthritic agent, it can enhance LPS and zymosan-induced IL-10 production. Glaucine can inhibit the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells by MMP-9 i