rate

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

ATP disodium trihydrate (Adenosine-5'-triphosphate disodium trihydrate) is an important substance for energy storage and metabolism in the body. It is an important endogenous signaling molecule in immunity and inflammation, which provides energy for the body's metabolism and also acts as a coenzyme in cells.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an Nrf2 activator with oral activity and blood-brain barrier permeability. Dimethyl fumarate has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities and has been used in the study of multiple sclerosis.

Ethyl caprate (Ethyl decanoate) is a flavor and food additive present in wine and is used in food, flavors and cosmetics.

D-(+)-Trehalose dihydrate (α,α-Trehalose dihydrate) is a natural α-linked disaccharide formed by an α, α-1, 1-glucoside bond between two α-glucose units.

Ifenprodil is a selective NMDA receptor (glutamate) antagonist.

Diethyl fumarate, a decomposition product of the pesticide Malathion, causes nonimmune contact urticaria on the skin.

Methyl Laurate (methyl dodecanoate) is a 12-carbon saturated fatty acid and an esterified version of lauric acid[1].

L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate (L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate) is a conditionally essential amino acid, which acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), taurine and glutathione. L-Cysteine hydrochloride hydrate suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans.

α-L-Rhamnose monohydrate (6-deoxy-L-mannose monohydrate) is a component of bacterial polysaccharides where it plays an important role in pathogenicity.

Methyl (E)-4-hydroxycinnamatee is found in several plants such as onion or Morinda citrifolia. It induces apoptosis in combination with Carnosic Acid and kills acute myeloid leukemia cells. It has antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative.

Mupirocin calcium hydrate is an antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens, showed a high level of activity against staphylococci and streptococci and against certain gram-negative bacteria

Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate is an esterified derivative of p-coumaric acid isolated from the flowers of Trixis michuacana var. longifolia, exhibiting antibacterial and anti-melanogenesis properties.

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate is a non-essential amino acid, participate in neurological and metabolic regulation of tissue cell function.

Sophocarpine monohydrate, a major ingredient of Sophora alopecuroides, has a wide range of pharmacological effects.

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine dihydrate is a natural product.

Doxycycline monohydrate is an inhibitor of metalloproteinase (MMP)

Zinc sulfate heptahydrate is a dietary supplement used for zinc deficiency and to prevent the condition in those at high risk.

Choline bitartrate (2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium) is a form of the nutrient choline which is found in foods. Choline is necessary for normal liver and kidney function and a component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical that facilitates communication between the nerves and muscles.

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate hydrate (PLP)(1:x), the active form of vitamin B6, is a cofactor for many different enzymes involved in transamination reactions, including mitochondrial cysteine desulfurase, cystathionine γ-synthase, various aminotransferases, and a d-serine dehydratase.

D-(+)-Melezitose hydrate (melicitose) is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap-eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis by an enzyme reaction.

Xanthosine is produced by guanine-free mutants of bacteria e.g. Bacillus subtilis, Aerobacter aerogenes. Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate in purine metabolism, formed from IMP, and forming GMP.

Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate, a fragrance, is found in Tribolium castaneum and wine.

Azithromycin hydrate (CP-62993 dihydrate) is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.

D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (D-Raffinose pentahydrate) is a naturally occurring trisaccharide composed of fructose, galactose, and glucose, found in various vegetables and grains. It functions as a functional oligosaccharide.

Triethyl citrate is used in pharmaceutical coatings and plastics.

Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate (Quinine HCl Dihydrate) is a white crystalline K+ channel blocker, used to treat malaria.

Miconazole nitrate (R18134 nitrate), an imidazole antifungal agent, selectively affects the integrity of fungal cell membranes, high in ergosterol content and different in composition from mammalian cells membranes.

Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate (CPT-11 HCl Trihydrate) keeps DNA from unwinding by inhibiting topoisomerase 1.

Pilocarpine nitrate (Pilagan) is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

D-Fructose-6-phosphate (sodium salt hydrate) is a sugar intermediate in the glycolytic pathway produced by the isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate by glucose phosphate isomerase, and is used in cancer research.

Norepinephrine bitartrate salt is an adrenergic neurotransmitter.

Thiamine nitrate (Vitamin B1 nitrate) is an essential vitamin, and can enhance normal neuronal actives.

Imipenem monohydrate (Imipenem) is a carbapenem antibiotic isolated from the microorganism Streptomyces cattleya, and is a β lactam antibiotic. Imipenem monohydrate acts on the bacterial cell wall, and is a broadly effective inhibitor of a wide range of Gram-positive and negative bacteria.

Monomethyl fumarate is a potent agonist of GPR109A .

Oxalic acid dihydrate (Ethanedioic acid dihydrate) is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

ATP disodium salt hydrate (Adenosine disodium triphosphate) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the molecular unit of currency of intracellular energy transfer.

Tosufloxacin tosylate hydrate (A-61827 tosylate hydrate) is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that is used to treat susceptible infections.

Quercetin Dihydrate (Sophoretin) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that was found in a wide variety of plant-based foods, such as apples, onions, berries, and red wine. It is used for their nervous system and anticancer effects.

Tacrolimus monohydrate (LCP-Tacro) is a macrolide from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties. It prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro and has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo.

(-)-Sparteine sulfate pentahydrate ((-)-Sparteine Sulfate) is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent and sodium channel blocker capable of chelating bivalent calcium and magnesium.

Ammonium iron(III) citrate (Ferric ammonium citrate) is a physiological form of non-ferritin-bound iron that causes intracellular iron overload leading to cellular ferroptosis and enhances protein production.

Palatinose hydrate (6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose, Isoma) is a disaccharide having an α(1→6) linkage between D-glucose and D-fructose and is similar to sucrose in its physicochemical properties. It is produced from sucrose in some bacteria by the action of sucrose isomerase. In mammalian gut, palatinose is hydrolyzed and absorbed much more slowly than sucrose.

Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate (Inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt), or inosinic acid, is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and the first nucleotide formed during purine synthesis.

Adenine monohydrochloride hemihydrate is a high affinity adenine receptor agonist (Ki = 18 nM at rat adenine receptor). It inhibits forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in CHO cells transfected with the adenine receptor and also stimulates GTPγS binding (pEC50 values are 8.54 and 7.21 respectively).

Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate is an optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. It prolongs cellular action potential and decreases automaticity. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.

β-Glycerophosphate is a classical serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor used in kinase reaction buffers. BGP is often used in combination with other phosphatase/protease inhibitors for broad spectrum inhibition. It functions as an organic phosphate donor

Oxytetracycline Dihydrate (Terramycin Dihydrate) is a prescription antibiotic, interfering with the ability of bacteria to produce essential proteins.

Orotic acid monohydrate is an intermediate product in pyrimidine metabolism.