enzyme

Malic enzyme inhibitor ME1 (ME1) is a specific inhibitor of Malic enzyme (IC50 = 0.15 μM). Malic enzyme inhibitor ME1 reduces cell viability/metabolic activity.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (Kininase II) is a zinc-dependent peptidase and extracellular enzyme that acts as a counterbalance to ACE in the renin-angiotensin system.Angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent vasoconstrictor used in the study of cardiovascular and immune diseases. Angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent vasoconstrictor used to study cardiovascular and immune diseases.

Enzyme-IN-2 (compound 15) serves as a potent urease inhibitor, exhibiting anti-ureolytic activity with a K i of 2.36 µM and an IC 50 of 0.75 µM [1].

Enzyme-IN-1 (compound 1), a peptide-based inhibitor of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases, specifically targets and inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity (CT-L) of the 20S proteasome. This compound may possess potential anti-inflammatory properties [1].

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring compound, acting as the electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

GSM-1 is a modulator of γ-Secretase.

KP-457 (TNF-α-converting enzyme) is a selective inhibitor of ADAM17, with an IC50 value of 11.1 nM/L in cell-free assays. The compound can also cleave a variety of molecules, including GPIbα, GPV and TNF-α.

Coenzyme A is an obligatory cofactor in all living cells synthesized from pantothenate (Vitamin B5), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and cysteine.

Epostane (Win-32729) is a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor that acts by inhibiting the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, blocking progesterone production.

Pevonedistat (MLN4924) is a potent and selective NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor (IC50=4.7 nM). Pevonedistat can be used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and also has antitumor activity.

(L)-Sodium lactate (Sodium L-Lactate) is produced from pyruvate by the enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase. Lactate production occurs during anaerobic glycolysis or in proliferatively active cells. L-Lactic Acid occurs in small quantities in the blood and muscle fluid of man and animals. The lactic acid concentration increases in muscle and blood after vigorous activity. L-Lactic acid is also present in liver, kidney, thymus gland, human amniotic fluid, and other organs and body fluids.

ML-792 is a specific small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-activating enzyme (SAE) inhibitor. Compared with NAE/NEDD8 and UAE/ubiquitin (IC50s of 32 μM and >100 μM, respectively), ML-792 is an effective and selective inhibitor of SAE/SUMO1 and SAE/SUMO2 in

SB 204990 is an effective and specific ATP citrate lyase enzyme inhibitor.

5-Ph-IAA is a derivative of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is a plant hormone and acts as an enzyme or prodrug combination for cancer gene therapy.

4μ8C (IRE1 Inhibitor III)(IC50=76 nM) is an effective and specific IRE1 Rnase inhibitor.

Navtemadlin (AMG232) is a potent, selective and orally available inhibitor of p53-MDM2 interaction (IC50: 0.6 nM). It binds to MDM2 with a Kd of 0.045 nM.

Mezigdomide (CC-92480) is a potent, novel, selective and active cereblon E3 ubiquitin ligase modulator (CELMoD) that often acts as a molecular glue. Mezigdomide has antimyeloma activity.

1. Hypericin (Cyclosan) has antineoplastic activity. 2. Hypericin has antibiotic and antiviral activities. 3. Hypericin has antidepressive activity through inhibiting monoamine oxidase enzyme. 4. Hypericin inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis via affecting ERK signalling in vitro and suppresses wear particle-induced osteolysis in vivo.

Coelenterazine (Coelenteramine) is a luminescent enzyme substrate, used for monitoring reporter genes in BRET, ELISA and HTS techniques.

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Hyaluronidase (Hyaluronate 4-glycanohydrolase), a naturally occurring enzyme, depolymerizes hyaluronic acid through glycosidic bond cleavage and is utilized in ophthalmic surgery.

Vardenafil (Vivanza) is an oral therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. It is a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). Penile erection is a hemodynamic process initiated by the relaxation of smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum and its associated arterioles. During sexual stimulation, nitric oxide is released from nerve endings and endothelial cells in the corpus cavernosum. Nitric oxide activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase resulting in increased synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the smooth muscle cells of the corpus cavernosum. The cGMP in turn triggers smooth muscle relaxation, allowing increased blood flow into the penis, resulting in erection. The tissue concentration of cGMP is regulated by both the rates of synthesis and degradation via phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The most abundant PDE in the human corpus cavernosum is the cGMPspecific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5); therefore, the inhibition of PDE5 enhances erectile function by increasing the amount of cGMP.

L-Serine (serine) is a non-essential amino acid in humans, L-Serine is present and functionally important in many proteins.L-Serine is also found at the active site of the serine protease enzyme class that includes trypsin and chymotrypsin.

Iberverin is a naturan product. It induces phase II enzyme activity and decreases expression of androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells.

Belnacasan (VX-765) is an orally active IL-converting enzyme/caspase-1 inhibitor.

5'-Guanylic acid disodium salt (GMP-5) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. In particular, L-Glutamic acid and guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from xanthylic acid and L-glutamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]. In addition, Guanosine triphosphate and guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from diguanosine tetraphosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical]. In humans, guanosine monophosphate is involved in the kanamycin action pathway, the telithromycin action pathway, the tobramycin action pathway, and the erythromycin action pathway. Guanosine monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria (D and L form) pathway. Outside of the human body, guanosine monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as onion-family vegetables, millet, chinese water chestnut, and red rice. This makes guanosine monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Sodium citrate (Natrocitral) is the sodium salt of citric acid.Citric acid trisodium induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase. Sodium citrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring, orally available cleavage product of the glucosinolate glucobrassicanin, inhibits NF-κB and IκBα kinase activation.

2-Amino-2-dichlorobenzophenone is an aromatic natural compound that has been used to study the effects of various compounds on cell metabolism, protein synthesis and enzyme activity. It has also been used in the synthesis of drugs, such as antitumor drugs and anti-inflammatory agents.

PTZ-343 is a potent enhancer of Luminol, acts as an electron transfer mediator, reacting with HRP-II to release HRP and a PTZ-343 radical, which oxidizes luminol anions to induce light emission.

JG-2016, as a small molecule histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) inhibitor, inhibits the growth of human cancer cell lines, inhibits enzyme activity in cellulose, and interferes with tumor growth.

1. Bergaptol (4-Hydroxybergapten) shows very good radical scavenging activity. 2. Bergaptol is a potent inhibitor of debenzylation activity of CYP3A4 enzyme.

Ethyl glucoside (β-D-Glucopyranoside, ethyl), a shale inhibitor for water-based drilling fluids, is a versatile initiator of enzyme-catalyzed regioselective lactone ring-opening polymerization and is a natural compound found in Sisyrinchium palmifolium.

Ginkgolic Acid (Romanicardic acid) C15:1 represses curli genes and prophage genes in EHEC.

Indoximod (Indoximod (NLG-8189)) is a methylated tryptophan with immune checkpoint inhibitory activity. Indoximod inhibits the enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), which degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan, and may increase or maintain tryptophan levels important to T cell function. Tryptophan depletion is associated with immunosuppression involving T cell arrest and anergy.

Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF (Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride)) is an enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.

Trans-Aconitic acid is normally present in normal human urine, and it has been suggested that is present in larger amounts with Reye's syndrome and organic aciduria. trans-Aconitic acid is a substrate of enzyme trans-aconitate 2-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.

LX-2931(LX-3305) is a sphingosine-1-phosphate cleavage enzyme (S1P) inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a rutin metabolite and an antioxidant. It has a protective biological activity in human. It is a substrate of enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase [EC 1.14.13.3] in the pathway tyrosine metabolism. 3-Hydroxyphenylace

Sitagliptin (MK0431), a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug), is a new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. This enzyme-inhibiting drug is used either alone or in combination with metformin or thiazolidinedione for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The drug can competitively inhibit a protein/enzyme and DPP-4, that leads to an incremental amount of active incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), the diminished amount of release of glucagon and increased release of insulin.

Captopril (SA333) is a potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure.

D-(+)-Melezitose hydrate (melicitose) is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap-eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis by an enzyme reaction.

Pemetrexed (LY-231514 Disodium Hydrate), a guanine-derived antineoplastic agent, binds to and inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS).

Docusate sodium (Aerosol OT) is an orally available, over-the-counter laxative and stool softener used to treat or prevent constipation. Docusate has not been linked to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice.

Salbutamol (Albuterol) stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, thereby activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Salbutamol Sulfate is the sulfate salt of the short-acting sympathomimetic agent albuterol, a 1:1 racemic mixture of (R)-albuterol and (S)-albuterol with bronchodilator activity. Increased cAMP concentrations relax the bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, and reduce inflammatory cell mediator release, especially from mast cells. To a lesser extent, Salbutamol stimulates beta1-adrenergic receptors, thereby increasing the force and rate of myocardial contraction.

2,4-Dihydroxypyridine is a pyridine derivative that acts as a chelating agent binding to metal ions and forming complexes. It is used as a reagent for determining the concentration of various ions, such as calcium, magnesium and phosphate. It is also used to measure the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It is also used for the detection and quantification of proteins, carbohydrates and other biomolecules.

Ammonium chloride acts as a small molecule autophagy inhibitor.Ammonium chloride is a pH-regulating, heteropolar compound that can cause intracellular alkalosis and metabolic acidosis, thereby affecting enzyme activity and influencing processes in biological systems.Ammonium chloride has potential antimicrobial activity. Ammonium Chloride has potential antimicrobial activity and prevents training-induced improvement in mitochondrial respiratory function in male rat flounder muscle.

Exifone (NSC-680919) is a mixed, nonessential activator of HDAC1 that is capable of binding to both free and substrate-bound enzyme, resulting in an increased relative maximal rate of HDAC1-catalyzed deacetylation.

Phenylacetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is a key intermediate in aerobic catabolism of phenylacetate in bacteria such asPseudomonas, when cultured in minimal media using phenylacetate as the sole carbon source.1It is a precursor in the synthesis of the antibiotic penicillin G found in industrial strains ofP. chrysogenum. Phenylacetyl-CoA also acts as an effector molecule of the TetR family transcriptional repressor PaaR inT. thermophilusand the GntR family transcriptional regulator PaaX inE. coliandPseudomonas, binding to each protein to induce derepression of various genes.2

β-Methylcrotonyl coenzyme A lithium, a key intermediate in leucine metabolism, serves as a substrate to investigate the specificity and kinetics of β-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase (MCCase) [1].