Blood group A antigen tetraose type 5 (A-Tetrasaccharide), a tetrasaccharide specific to blood group A, inhibits the binding of anti-A antibody to blood group A substance and can be isolated from polar bear milk samples [1] [2].

Blood group A pentasaccharide (A-Pentasaccharide), an oligosaccharide found in urine, has the ability to impede the attachment of the anti-A antibody to the blood group A antigen [1].

A-Trisaccharide, also known as blood-group A trisaccharide, is an oligosaccharide found in the urine of individuals who are secretors of blood group A [1].

γ-Globulins, a protein fraction found in human blood, comprise a class of proteins with potent antibody activity that safeguards against bacterial and viral infections. These γ-globulins are specifically utilized in the treatment of common variable immunodeficiency.

L-Isoleucine (Ile) is an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Toddalolactone ((+)-Toddalolactone) is an anti-inflammatory and analgesic.

2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (2-Hydroxycaproic acid) is a branched-chain alpha-keto acid that has been reported in normal human blood and in normal amniotic fluid. It has been found that 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is the most significant metabolite found in the CSF of patients infected with Nocardia.

(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (L-(+)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA in humans, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

4-Vinylphenol is the metabolite of p-coumaric and ferulic acid by lactic acid bacteria in wine found in Hedyotis diffusa Willd. 4-Vinylphenol induces apoptosis in vivo.

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Demeclocycline hydrochloride (Declomycin) is a TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than TETRACYCLINE, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

3-hydroxybutyric acid is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical pa

(E)-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid is a small molecule compound isolated from the rhizome of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R. M. Sm. It is a novel α-glucosidase inhibitor. (E)-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid has hepatoprotective activity, antiamnesic activity, enhances cognitive effects, and can be used to lower blood pressure sugar.

Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol is an important component of trigl

Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate (Glycyrrhizin) , an extensively used anti-inflammatory agent, is isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid, which inhibits 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, the main and sweet component of licorice, has been studied for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with potassium loss and sodium retention, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as inhibited the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (P-Methylolphenol) exhibits beneficial effects in cerebral ischemic injury, has neuroprotective effect through upregulation of Nrf2, Prdx6, and PDI expression via the PI3K/Akt pathway. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol inhibit the development of new blood vessels by targeting multiple mechanisms of the angiogenic process, may as a promising candidate for the establishment of anti-angiogenic treatment strategies in cancer therapy.

In cells, D-Glucose 6-phosphate potassium salt (G6P) is generated when glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase or glucokinase or by the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase during glycogenolysis. G6P lies at the beginning of both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathways. It also can be stored as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high.

Catharanthine Tartrate is a natural product isolated from Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthine Tartrate inhibits voltage-operated L-type Ca2+ channel, with anti-cancer and blood pressure-lowering activity

Cochinchinenin A is the material basis for the analgesic effect of Dragons Blood.

Coreopsin(Butein-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) is one of the main components from Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Flower(CTF). CTF has been used traditionally in China for treating hypertension and diabetes as well as reducing body weight and blood fat.

1-Methyluric acid (1-Methylurate) acts on the bladder mucosa and increases the levels of insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood glucose.

Phanginin A, a potent and orally active activator of salt-induced kinase 1 (SIK1), effectively inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases the expression of p-SIK1, and decreases the expression of p-CREB. By reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, Phanginin A holds potential for type 2 diabetes research.

Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.

sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (Choline glycerophosphate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain and in milk. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor which may have a potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries due to its Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) status [1]. Studies have investigated its efficacy for cognitive disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An Italian multicentre clinical trial on 2, 044 patients suffering from recent stroke were supplied Glycerylphosphorylcholine in doses of 1, 000 mg/day for 28 days and 400 mg three times per day for the five ensuing months. The trial confirmed the therapeutic role of alpha-GPC on the cognitive recovery of patients based on four measurement scales, three of which reached statistical significance [2].

Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

Metronidazole (Metronidazol) is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities.

1-Deoxynojirimycin (Moranoline) is a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressing postprandial blood glucose, thereby possibly preventing diabetes mellitus.

Villocarine A, an indole alkaloid with natural vasorelaxant properties [1], is a chemical compound known for its ability to relax blood vessels.

(2S)-5-Methoxyflavan-7-ol (compound 2) is a natural product isolated from Dragon's blood resin [1].

Corydine is the adrenolytic and weak cholinergic agent, it shows antimicrobial, and antineoplastic activities. Corydine shows irritant and respiratory stimulant and CNS depressant activities. Injected intravenously in rabbits corydine produced an initial

De-O-methyllasiodiplodin exhibits radical scavenging, moderate antibacterial, and potential anti-inflammatory effects, it shows moderate suppression effects on induced NO production. De-O-methyllasiodiplodin effectively lowers the blood glucose level in d

Solasurine is a natural product with dissipate blood stasis and detumescence, relieve pain and pull poison.

Enniatin B1, a Fusarium mycotoxin, crosses the blood-brain barrier, decreases the activation of ERK (p44/p42), and inhibits moderately TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, it inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity, exhibiting an IC50 of 73 μM in rat liver microsome enzyme assays.

Lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP II), a sialyl-Lewis hapten of the human Lewis blood group determinant, serves as a monosialo-ganglioside/glycolipid and sialyl derivative, CA 19-9. It is recognized as a molecular tumor marker (TM) for biliopancreatic malignancy [1].

Conduritol A has a hypoglycemic effect, can have an effect on regulating the metabolism of blood lipid, free-radical scavenging, enhancing the antioxidant ability, potentiating immune function; it also can markedly prevent the diabetic rats from getting c

4'-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxychalcone is a naturally occurring chalcone derivative from the herbal resin of the red geranium Dragon's Blood.4'-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxychalcone possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-protozoa activity.

Acivicin (AT-125) is a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) inhibitor derived from the Streptomyces sviceus natural product. It possesses anti-cancer and anti-parasitic properties and can effectively cross the blood-brain barrier[1][2].

16beta,17-Dihydroxy-ent-kaurane-19-oic acid as an anti-HIV principle, it showed significant activity against HIV replication in H9 lymphocyte cells with an EC50 value of 0.8 microgram/mL. It also possesses the activities of decompression and blood viscosi

3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol acetylated derivative and a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable mycotoxin.

Glycyrin, one of the main PPAR-gamma ligands of licorice, can significantly decrease the blood glucose levels of genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.

Argipressin, des-glynh2(9)-, can effect on aggregation of blood platelets.

Benzoyloxypaeoniflorin (Benzoyloxypeoniflorin) is a natural product,contributes to improving blood circulation through their inhibitory effects on both platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.

Thapsigargicin (Thapsigargicine) acts as an activator for mast cells and leukocytes, prompting histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells and human basophil leukocytes. Additionally, it elevates cytoplasmic free calcium levels in human blood platelets [1].

Compound 15, known as 5,4'-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methylflavane, is a natural product present in Chinese Dragon’s Blood [1].

Neonuezhenide is a phenolic compound isolated from Ligustrum officinale, which has strong antioxidant effects on free radical-induced hemolysis of red blood cells.

Lysipressin ([Lys8]-Vasopressin), Induces contraction of the rabbit urinary bladder smooth muscle, activate adenylate-cyclase. Lysipressin is Antidiuretic hormone that have been found in pigs and some marsupial families.

1. Isocorynoxeine (7-Isocorynoxeine) shows the effects of lowering blood pressure, vasodilatation, and protection against ischemia-induced neuronal damage. 2. Isocorynoxeine exhibits a significant neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death at the maximum concentration.

20(R)-Notoginsenoside R2 is a natural product with Promote blood circulation and improve myocardial ischemia