brain

Brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor (102-111) is a peptide fragment of brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). aFGF is an angiogenic vascular endothelial cell mitogen produced in bovine brain that has sequence homology to interleukin-1. It also shares sequence homology with the known neuropeptides neuromedin C , bombesin , neuromedin K , substance K , substance P , physalaemin, and eledoisin. aFGF (102-111) corresponds to amino acid residues 102-111 of the fulllength peptide.

Brain natriuretic peptide-32 (BNP-32), a fragment of the proBNP cardiovascular hormone precursor, exhibits affinity for natriuretic peptide receptors in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (IC50 = 7.3 nM) and promotes cGMP accumulation within these cells (EC50 = 170 nM). Additionally, BNP-32 effectively mediates the relaxation of norepinephrine-precontracted isolated rat aortic strips (EC50 = 6.7 nM). Upon administration at a dosage of 3 µg/kg, it elevates urine and urinary electrolyte outputs and induces hypotension in rats.

Brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor (brain-derived aFGF) (1-11) is a peptide fragment of brain-derived aFGF. Brain-derived aFGF is an angiogenic vascular endothelial cell mitogen produced in bovine brain that has sequence homology to interleukin-1. aFGF (1-11) corresponds to amino acid residues 1-11 of the full length peptide.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) (1-32), rat is a 32 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes).Brain natriuretic peptide (type B natriuretic peptide) was origin

BNP-45 (rat) is a circulating form of rat brain natriuretic peptide isolated from rat heart with potent hypotensive and natriuretic potency.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide-45, rat TFA (BNP-45, rat TFA) is an isoform of the rat brain natriuretic peptide extracted from the rat heart, exhibiting significant hypotensive and natriuretic effects [1].

Mouse Brain Natriuretic Peptide-45 (BNP-45, mouse) is a circulating variant of the mouse brain natriuretic peptide derived from the mouse heart. It exhibits powerful hypotensive and natriuretic properties.

Brain-derived basic fibroblast growth factor (1-24) (brain-derived bFGF) is a peptide fragment of brain-derived bFGF. bFGF is a peptide produced in bovine brain that is protective in a rat model of pressure-induced retinal ischemia. bFGF (1-24) corresponds to amino acid residues 1-24 of the full length peptide.

Brain Derived Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (1-24) (FGF basic 1-24), a synthetic peptide with anti-bacterial and anti-HBV properties, is utilized in infectious and immune disease research [1].

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (1-32), rat acetate (BNP (1-32), rat acetate) is a 32-amino acid polypeptide hormone synthesized by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to myocardial cell stretching (cardiomyocyte distension)[1].

Nesiritide is the recombinant form of the 32 amino acid human B-type natriuretic peptide, which is normally produced by the ventricular myocardium. It is an agonist of natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs), with Kd values of 7.3 and 13 pM for NPR-A and NPR

Acts as a cardiac hormone with a variety of biological actions including natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. It is thought to play a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Helps restore the body\'s sa

BNP-45 (rat) TFA is a circulating form of rat brain natriuretic peptide isolated from rat heart with potent hypotensive and natriuretic potency.

L-Carnosine (Karnozin) is is an antioxidant naturally found in skeletal muscle, brain tissue. It has the potential to suppress many of the biochemical changes that accompany aging.

Z-Glycine (Carbobenzoxyglycine) is a drug-lipid conjugates designed to promote brain penetration based on its lipophilicity and resemblance to lipids in biological membranes[1].

L-Allylglycine is an amino acid derivative that reduces glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity by 60% when administered at a dose of 39.8 μmol g per hour ex vivo in mouse brain preparations. L-Allylglycine (1.2 mmol kg, i.p.) induces convulsions and decreases GABA concentration throughout the cerebellum, pons, medulla, striatum, cortex, and hippocampus in mice. Chronic administration (3.2 μg 0.5 μl per hour for 13 days) of L-allylglycine in rats increases locomotor activity in an open field test and impairs attention in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). In vitro, L-allylglycine inhibits GAD only when used at high concentrations (1-80 mM). The more potent in vivo activity can be attributed to metabolic conversion of L-allylglycine to 2-keto-4-pentanoic acid, a more potent convulsant and GAD inhibitor.

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) (387-394) [Multiple species](TFA) is Elongation factor 1 subunit.eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This isoform (alpha 1) is expressed in the brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, and the other isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. This isoform is identified as an autoantigen in 66% of patients with Felty syndrome. This gene has been found to have multiple copies on many chromosomes, some of which, if not all, represent different pseudogenes1.

Hemopressin (human, mouse) acetate is a nonapeptide derived from the α1-chain of hemoglobin, is originally isolated from rat brain homogenates. Hemopressin is orally active, selective and inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Hemopressin exerts an

rCRAMP (rat) acetate, a cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antibacterial activity in rat brain peptide/protein extracts.

Hemopressin (rat) acetate is a nonapeptide derived from the α1-chain of hemoglobin, is originally isolated from rat brain homogenates. Hemopressin is orally active, selective and inverse agonist of CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Hemopressin exerts antinocicep

TAT-Gap19 acetate is a specific inhibitor of connexin43 hemichannel (Cx43 HC). TAT-Gap19 acetate traverses the blood-brain barrier and alleviates liver fibrosis in mice. TAT-Gap19 acetate does not inhibit the corresponding Cx43 GJCs.

BNP (1-32), human is a brain natriuretic peptide

Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 acetate is an agonist at nociceptin/orphanin FQ(noc/OFQ) receptors, affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 acetate is a partial agonist on ORL1 transfected in CHO cells, antagonizes the stimulation of [35S]-GTPgammaS binding to G proteins by noc/OFQ in membranes and sections of rat brain.

M40 acetate is a potent, non-selective galanin receptor antagonist (Ki values are 1.82 and 5.1 nM at GAL1 and GAL2 respectively) that inhibits galanin (1-29) binding in rat brain in vitro (IC50 = 3 - 15 nM). Attenuates the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine and blocks galanin-induced food intake in vivo. Also exhibits weak partial agonist activity at peripheral GAL2 receptors at doses > 100 nM.

CTAP(TFA) (103429-32-9 free base) is a potent, highly selective, and brain-penetrant antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor with IC50 of 3.5 nM. It displays over 1200-fold selectivity over δ opioid (IC50=4500 nM) and somatostatin receptors. CTAP(TFA） (103429-32-9 free base) can be used for the study of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID)

Beta-Sheet Breaker Peptide iAβ5 Acetate (C33H43N5O8) inhibit amyloidogenesis in rat brain models.

Homocarnosine acetate is a dipeptide unique to brain consisting of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine. Homocarnosine acetate has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, prevention of DNA damage, and inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation

Neurotensin TFA (39379-15-2 free base) is an endogenous 13 amino acid neuropeptide with profound opioid-independent analgesic effects. It behaves as a neurotransmitter in the brain, as a hormone in the gut, and also as a neuromodulator. It is implicated in the pathophysiology of several CNS disorders (including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, drug abuse, pain, cancer, inflammation, eating disorders, and central control of blood pressure) due to its association with a wide variety of neurotransmitter systems such as dopaminergic, sertonergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic systems. It has a role as a human metabolite, a mitogen, a neurotransmitter and a vulnerary.

Neuromedin U, rat acetate is a 23-amino acid brain-gut peptide. Neuromedin U (NMU), through its cognate receptor NMUR2 in the central nervous system, regulates several important physiological functions, including energy balance, stress response, and nociception.

Difelikefalin acetate (CR 845 acetate) is a peripherally restricted kappa opioid receptor agonist. CR845 exhibit low P450 CYP inhibition and low penetration into the brain.

Phe-Met-Arg-Phe, amide acetate, activates a K+ current in peptidergic caudodorsal neurons dose-dependently (ED50=23 nM) and appears to localize with neuropeptide Y in some brain regions.

Colivelin is a neuroprotective peptide and activator of STAT3. Colivelin is a hybrid peptide synthesized to enhance the neuroprotective effects of humanin (HN).

Carbetocin is an obstetric drug used to control postpartum hemorrhage and bleeding after giving birth.

Elamipretide (MTP-131) is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that reduces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and stabilizes cardiolipin, with blood-brain-barrier permeability. It is a potential therapeutic agent in the rare disease of Barnes syndrome.

Anserine (L-Anserine) is a dipeptide containing β-alanine and histidine, which can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals and birds. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice.

Prolylleucine (((Benzyloxy)carbonyl)-L-prolyl-D-leucine) is a dipeptide containing branched-chain amino acids.

L-γ-Glutamyl-S-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl] was isolated as the major principle responsible for the inhibition of the in vitro binding of kainic acid to brain glutamate receptors by water extracts of the plant Gastrodia elata.

Trofinetide (NNZ-2566) is a synthetic analog of the endogenous N-terminus tripeptide. It has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of brain injury.

Oleoyl proline is an N-acyl amine that can be detected in bovine brain extracts and D. melanogaster larvae using mass spectrometry. In a preclinical model of pain, mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH KO) had decreased N-oleoyl proline levels in

Trofinetide, derived from the neuroprotective tripeptide Gly-Pro-Glu (an N-terminal sequence of insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1), shows promise in various neuroprotective models. At a concentration of 10 nM, it mitigates cell death in primary rat embryonic striatal neurons caused by okadaic acid. Additionally, Trofinetide reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and E-selectin) in a rat model simulating neuroinflammation from penetrating ballistic-like brain injuries. In cases of brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), administration of Trofinetide at 30 and 60 mg/kg reduces the area of cortical and striatal infarct. Furthermore, a daily dose of 100 mg/kg reverses social recognition and contextual fear conditioning deficits, diminishes the number of dendritic spines, and decreases testicular weight gain in an fmr1-/- knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Trofinetide formulations have been employed in treating Rett syndrome, highlighting its versatility across various neurological conditions.

Carbetocin acetate is an obstetric drug used to control postpartum hemorrhage and bleeding after giving birth.

LQVTDSGLYRCVIYHPP (LP17) is a TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells) inhibitory peptide that mitigates ischemia-induced infarction and neuronal damage. It can penetrate the brain and inhibit TREM-1 [1].

Pinealon is a 3-amino acid peptide that shows neuroprotective properties by preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and suppressing the activation of ERK 1 2. Pinealon stimulates the functional activity of the main cellular elements of brain tissue, reduces the level of spontaneous cell death, and protects rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia [1] [2] [3].

[Glp5,(Me)Phe8,Sar9] Substance P (5-11) (DiMe-C7) is an analogue of Substance P that acts on the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) in rat brain, similarly to Substance P but with a significantly extended duration of action. This compound selectively enhances dopamine metabolism within the mesencephalon and midbrain cortex, increases motor activity, and facilitates the resumption of addictive agent-seeking behavior in rats [1] [2] [3].

High affinity ligand for the NOP site (Ki = 1.5 nM). Antagonizes nociceptin-stimulated GTP binding in rat brain and the chronotropic effect of nociceptin on rat cardiomyocytes. However, displays potent agonist properties in vivo, inhibiting locomotor acti

Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 TFA acts as both a potent partial agonist for ORL1 when transfected in CHO cells (K d = 1.5 nM) and an endogenous ligand of ORL1. Moreover, it serves as a specific antagonist that inhibits G protein activation and competitively blocks the stimulation of [35S]-GTPγS binding to G proteins by nociceptin/orphanin FQ (noc/OFQ) in rat brain membranes and sections [1].

ANG1005 is a brain-penetrating peptide-agent conjugate comprising a taxane derivative that features three paclitaxel molecules covalently bonded to Angiopep-2. This design facilitates crossing of the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal barriers, with subsequent penetration of malignant cells through the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1) transport system [1] [2] [3].

ShK toxin, isolated from the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus), is an inhibitor of the voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv1.3 channel). It competes with dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin in binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes and promotes acetylcholine release. Additionally, ShK toxin reduces K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation [1] [2].

[Nle11]-Substance P is a Substance P analog designed to prevent methionine oxidation, found in both the gut and brain, and is responsible for various excitatory effects on central and peripheral neurons.

TAT-NEP1-40, a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable peptide, confers protection to PC12 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) while promoting neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, it enhances neurologic outcomes post-ischemia by mitigating apoptosis in affected cerebral regions. This compound holds potential for central nervous system (CNS) injury research, including studies on axonal regeneration and post-stroke functional recovery [1].