Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a natural product from animals

Serotonin hydrochloride (Serotonin HCl) is an endogenous 5-HT receptor agonist, a monoamine neurotransmitter in the CNS, and a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor(Ki=44 μM).

Cannabigerol is a high affinity α±2-adrenergic receptor agonist, moderate affinity 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and low affinity CB1 receptor antagonist ; also binds to the CB2 receptor; it can relieve interocular pressure, which may be of benefit in the treatment of glaucoma.

Harmine (Telepathine) is an alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala.

Puerarin (Kakonein), also known as Kakonein, is a member of the class of compounds known as isoflavonoid C-glycosides. It is a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist.

1. Isocorynoxeine (7-Isocorynoxeine) shows the effects of lowering blood pressure, vasodilatation, and protection against ischemia-induced neuronal damage. 2. Isocorynoxeine exhibits a significant neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death at the maximum concentration.

Mesembrine ((+)-Mesembrine), a primary alkaloid distinguished by its aryloctahydroindole structure, acts as a potent 5-HT transporter inhibitor with an inhibition constant (K i) of 1.4 nM. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) with an inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of 7.8 μM [1] [2].

Pteropodine acts as a positive modulator of muscarinic M(1) and 5-HT(2) receptors. Pteropodine shows antigenotoxic, antioxidant and lymphocyte induction effects, it also shows strong apoptotic effect on acute leukaemic lymphoblasts.

Jatrorrhizine (neprotin) is a protoberberine alkaloid isolated from Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae) and other species. It was found to have antimicrobial and antifungal activity. It binds and noncompetitively inhibits monoamine oxidase (IC50 4 micromolar for MAO-A and 62 for MAO-B).

Geissoschizine methyl ether, a major indole alkaloid found in Uncaria hook, is a major active component of Yokukansan with psychotropic effects. Geissoschizine methyl ether is a potent serotonin A receptor agonist and candidate for amelioration of aggress

Momordin Ic (Momordin 1c) might represent a potential anticancer activity, by inducing apoptosis through oxidative stress-regulated mitochondrial dysfunction involving the MAPK and PI3K-mediated iNOS and HO-1 pathways. Also, Momordin Ic accelerates gastrointestinal transit partially by stimulating synthesis of 5-HT to act through 5-HT(2), which, in turn, increases synthesis of prostaglandins.

Jatrorrhizine chloride (Neprotine chloride) is a potent and orally active uptake-2 transporter inhibitor. It exhibits a critical neuroprotective role in H2O2-induced apoptosis via inhibition of the MAPK pathway in HT22 hippocampal neurons.

Resveratrol is a potent phenolic antioxidant found in grapes, red wine, and various berries that also has antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity. cis-Resveratrol is the double bond isomer of trans-resveratrol, the more often studied and naturally abundant of the two resveratrol isomers. cis-Resveratrol exhibits antioxidant activity in the µM range similar to that observed with trans-resveratrol. It blocks production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase and also inhibits production of nitric oxide. At a concentration of 100 µM, cis-resveratrol significantly inhibits the expression of genes related to the Rel/NF-κB/IκB family, adhesion molecules, and acute-phase proteins in LPS and INF-γ-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. cis-Resveratrol inhibits uptake of noradrenaline and 5-HT by synaptosomes from rat brain with IC50 values of 79 and 51 µM, respectively. It also inhibits human monoamine oxidase-A (MOA-A) and MOA-B with IC50 values of 25 and 61 µM, respectively, which is similar to, but slightly less effective than, values obtained with trans-resveratrol.

P-Hydroxyphenethyl trans-ferulate exhibits affinity toward 5-HT(7) receptors in a competitive binding assay. P-Hydroxyphenethyl trans-ferulate can double quinone reductase specific activity in Hepa 1c1c7 cells at a level of 2.1 microg/mL (6.6 microM).

Gentisein (NSC-329491), a primary metabolite of Mangiferin, exhibits significant inhibition of serotonin uptake, demonstrating potency with an IC50 value of 4.7 µM[1][2].

Paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone)(Invega) is used as an atypical antipsychotic. It applies to the acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. Chemically, paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older atypical antipsychotic risperidone.

Buspirone (Buspirone free base) is an azaspiro compound which has a role as an anxiolytic drug, a sedative, a serotonergic agonist and an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor.

Nuciferine ((-)-Nuciferine) is an alkaloid found within the plants Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera. It has a profile of action associated with dopamine receptor blockade.

Rotundine (Gindarine) (L-tetrahydropalmatine, L-THP) is a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 166 nM.

Harmine hydrochloride (telepathine hydrochloride) is extracted from Peganum Harmala Genus.

Galanolactone has anti-5-HT effect, a diterpenoid isolated from ginger, is related to antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors, it has inhibit nitric oxide production with IC(50) values ranging from 5.5 to 28.5 μM. Galanolactone exerts anti-obesity effect through do

Jatrorrhizine hydroxide, an alkaloid derived from Coptis chinensis, exhibits a range of biological activities including neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, and antioxidant properties [1]. It acts as a potent and orally active inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 872 nM, demonstrating over 115-fold greater selectivity for AChE compared to butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) [2]. Additionally, Jatrorrhizine hydroxide impedes the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) by inhibiting uptake-2 transporters, further contributing to its pharmacological profile [3].

1. gamma-Mangostin (Normangostin) as a preventive agent of the metabolic syndrome. 2. Gamma-Mangostin has free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in HepG2 cells. 3. Gamma-Mangostin could serve as a micronutrient for colon cancer prevention and is a potential lead compound for the development of anti-colon cancer agents. 4. Gamma-Mangostin may acts as an antihypertensive agent , by causing vasorelaxation which is mediated via the NO-cGMP pathway.

Myristicin (Myristicine) is a natural product found in spices and umbelliferous plants. Myristicin has anti-cholinergic, Antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effects, it also has anti-inflammatory properties related with its inhibition of NO, cytokines,chemokines, and growth factors in dsRNA-stimulated macrophages via the calcium pathway. Myristicin can induce Apoptosis as characterised by alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, Caspase-3 activation, PARP-cleavage and DNA fragmentation.

(E)-3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (O-Methylsinapic acid) is a natural product from the roots and rhizomes of Notopterygium incisum.

2'-O-Methylisoliquiritigenin, a compound synthesized by enzymes specifically induced in NR.2'-O-Methylisoliquiritigenin, isolated from the Arachis species, up-regulates 5-HT, NE, DA and GABA pathways, but does not put a very significant effect on ne NE pathway.

1-Hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxy-xanthone has vasodilatory action, it can cause vasodilation in the coronary artery pre-contracted with 1uM 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), with the EC 50 value of 6.6±1.4 uM. 1-Hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone can effectivel

9-hydroxy Stearic Acid is a hydroxy fatty acid that is the active metabolite of 9-PAHSA. 9-hydroxy Stearic Acid is formed from 9-PAHSA through carboxyl ester lipase in the liver and pancreas. The 9-hydroxy Stearic Acid (5 μM) was stearic acid, which inhibited the expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in the lysate of HT-29 colon cancer cells. 3. When the concentration was 100 μM.1, the proliferation of HT-29 cells was inhibited and cell cycle arrest was induced in G0/ g1 phase.

Flopropione (Phloropropiophenone), a spasmolytic or antispasmodic agent, is used as a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist.

Xanthotoxol (Psoralen) is a biologically active linear furocoumarin, shows strong pharmacological activities as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, 5-HT antagonistic, and neuroprotective effects.

Trimipramine maleate (Surmontil maleate) appears to inhibit serotonin transport and norepinephrine uptake by nerve terminals. This increases available norepinephrine or serotonin and prolongs its action. Trimipramine Maleate is the maleate salt form of trimipramine, a tricyclic secondary amine of the dibenzazepine class, with an antidepressant property.