Farnesyl acetate (Farnesyl Acetate (mixture of isomers)) is a flavouring compound identified in foods such as blueberries.

Cinnamtannin B-1 (LDN 0022358) is an A-type proanthocyanidin contained in several plant species such as Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Laurus nobilis L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Lindera umbellata. It is a potent antioxidant and protective agent against oxidative stress and apoptosis in human platelets. It is a Cox-2 inhibitor.

1. Sanggenon C (Sanggenone C) inhibits tumor cellular proteasomal activity and cell viability, via induction of cell cycle arrest and cell death , inhibiting the proteasome function. 2. Sanggenon C and O inhibited NO production and iNOS expression by suppressing NF-κB activity and IκBα activation; inhibited TNF-alpha -stimulated PMN-HSC adhesion and expression of VCAM-1 by suppressing the activation of NF-kappaB.

Streptozocin (NSC-85998) is an antibiotic that induces DNA methylation. Streptozocin is toxic to insulin-producing pancreatic islet B-cells and is commonly used in the construction of animal models of type 1 diabetes. The product is unstable in solution and is recommended to be dispensed now.

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Physalin F is a natural blocker of CaV2.3 (R-type) and CaV2.2 (N-type) voltage-gated calcium channels.It is a secosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Physalin F induces apoptosis of PBMC, decreasing the spontaneous proliferation and cytokine production caused by Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (Curcumin III) is a natural demethoxy derivative of curcumin. It is a potent activator of macrophage phagocytosis, interacting with 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to stimulate amyloid-β clearance by macrophages (optimal stimulation at 100 nM BDMC) [1]. More stable than curcumin in physiological media, BDMC suppresses proliferation of cancer cells [2]. It down-regulates the transcriptional coactivator p300, suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and inhibits LPS induction of iNOS expression [3].

Sennoside A (NSC-112929), a kind of irritant laxative isolated from rhei rhizome, causes purgative actions in the intestine.

Lornoxicam (Chlortenoxicam) (chlortenoxicam) is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Lornoxicam differs from other oxicam compounds in its potent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, a property that explains the particularly pronounced efficacy of the drug. Lornoxicam is approved for use in Japan.

1. Raspberry ketone (p-Hydroxybenzyl acetone) is cytotoxic to melanocytes through the binding of RK-derived quinones to thiol proteins and the pro-oxidant activity of the RK-oligomer, the exposure of human skin to RK can cause chemical/occupational leukoderma. 2. Raspberry ketone is marketed on the Internet as a food supplement.

1. Farrerol has antioxidative activity.2. Farrerol modulates TAP and BNBD5 gene expression in mammary gland, enhances bMEC defense against S. aureus infection and could be useful in protection against bovine mastitis. 3. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or act

1. Spinosin (Flavoayamenin) ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, and these effects were regulated, in part, through neuroprotective activity via the anti-inflammatory effects of Spinosin. 2. Spinosin exerts anxiolytic-like effects, and its mechanism of action appears to be modulated by GABAA and 5-HT1A receptors. 3. There was a wide brain regional tissue distribution of Spinosin. The concentrations of Spinosin in corpus striatum and hippocampus were higher than that in other areas.

Vanillyl Alcohol (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) possesses anti-angiogenic, anticonvulsive, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-nociceptive activities. Vanillyl alcohol can effectively inhibit the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced MN9D dopaminergic cells, it also can attenuate the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis.

1. Oxyresveratro can inhibit tyrosinase activity. 2. Oxyresveratro is useful to trauma models, as toxicity to glia could be beneficial by inhibiting reactive gliosis. 3. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) has antioxidant activity, can reduce neuronal oxidative damage and protect hepatocytes against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with activation of Nrf2.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV/AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA) is an anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE.

1. Octyl Gallate is an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. 2. Octyl Gallate has antimetastatic activity. 3. Octyl Gallate shows antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 ug/mL. 4. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.5. Octyl Gallate is a potential anticancer agent, it exhibited decreased MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231 survival and induced apoptosis, with IC50 value of 40 uM. 6. Octyl gallate (Octyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) has antiviral activity, it shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HEp-2 or Vero cells. 7. Octyl gallate shows antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii ATCC 60483.

1. Orientin (Luteolin-8-glucoside) may be regarded as a candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway. 2. Orientin protects vascular barrier integrity by inhibiting hyperpermeability, expression of CAMs, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a therapy for vascular inflammatory diseases. 3. Orientin has neuroprotection effect by the intracellular mediation of caspase activity; may alleviate cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in AD mice; can exert antidepressant-like effects on CUMS mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity.

2-Undecanol (Methyl nonyl carbinol) is a male specific compound extracted from aeration of live Lobiopa insularis beetles. 2-undecanol is a flower emitted volatile, used by various species of Hymenoptera as a pheromone component[1].

Cinnamic acid (β-Phenylacrylic acid) has potential use in cancer intervention,The concentration causing a 50% reduction of cell proliferation (IC50) ranged from 1 to 4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells.

1. Glaucocalyxin A (Leukamenin F)-SBE-β-CD could be useful with a better solubility and sustained function in drug delivery. 2. Glaucocalyxin A activates caspase-3, decreases BAD phosphorylation, and reduces the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. 3. Glaucocalyxin A inhibits Akt phosphorylation, suppresses proliferation, and promotes apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, but not in normal glial cells. 4. Glaucocalyxin A inhibits collagen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, LAT, and phospholipase Cγ2, the signaling events in collagen receptor GPⅥ pathway. 5. Glaucocalyxin A could potentially be developed as an antiplatelet and antithrombotic agent, can inhibit platelet p-selectin secretion and integrin activation by convulxin, is a GPVI selective ligand.

1. Bufotalin (Bufotaline)e is a kind of poisonous secretions of toads.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

Methyl Laurate (methyl dodecanoate) is a 12-carbon saturated fatty acid and an esterified version of lauric acid[1].

1. Chelidonine (Stylophorin) isolated from Chelidonium majus efficiently induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through possible alteration of p38-p53 and AKT/PI3 kinase signalling pathways. 2. Chelidonine is a promising model compound for overcoming MDR and for enhancing cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics, especially against leukaemia cells, its efficacy needs to be confirmed in animal models. 3. Chelidonine may be a potential therapeutic agent against metastasis of invasive human cancer cells, exhibits antimigratory and antiinvasive effects in MDA-MB-231 cells, by suppressing COL-induced integrin signaling, through inhibiting the formation of the IPP complex and subsequent downregulation of IPP downstream signaling molecules, such as Akt and ERK1/2.

Rauwolscine hydrochloride (Isoyohimbine hydrochloride) , a natural alkaloid, is a specific and reversible α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (Ki: 12 nM) [1]. It is a stereoisomer of yohimbine, which potently antagonizes both α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors [1]. Rauwolscine hydrochloride also acts as a receptor antagonist at the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor (Ki: 14.3 nM) and as a weak partial agonist at 5-HT1A (IC50: 1.3 μM) [3]. The α2-adrenergic receptor has diverse physiological functions and antagonists like rauwolscine have numerous applications, including the modulation of mood and behavior [5].

α-L-Rhamnose monohydrate (6-deoxy-L-mannose monohydrate) is a component of bacterial polysaccharides where it plays an important role in pathogenicity.

Sophoridine (Dihydro-5-episophocarpine), a natural anticancer drug, has been used in China for decades. A series of novel N-substituted Sophoridinic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity with 1 as the lead. The structure-activity relationship indicated that introduction of an aliphatic acyl on the nitrogen atom might significantly enhance the anticancer activity. Among the compounds, 6b bearing bromoacetyl side-chain afforded a potential effect against four human tumor cell lines (liver, colon, breast, and lung). The mechanism of action of 6b is to inhibit the activity of DNA topoisomerase I, followed by the S-phase arrest and then cause apoptotic cell death, similar to that of its parent 1.

Ferulic Acid (Coniferic acid) is a highly abundant phenolic phytochemical and a type of organic compound found in the Ferula assafoetida L. or Ligusticum chuanxiong.It can be absorbed by the small intestine and excreted through the urine.

Methyl pentadecanoate is a natural product.

Potassium 7-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfona (2-Naphthol-8-sulfonic Acid Potassium Salt) is naturally present in the fruit of the Rubiaceae gardenia, the flowers of the Iridaceae crocus, and the flowers and leaves of the Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae.

Trans-2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (3-Hexenedioic Acid) is a normal human unsaturated dicarboxylic acid metabolite with increased excretion in patients with Dicarboxylic aciduria caused by fatty acid metabolism disorders The urinary excretion of Trans-2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid is increased in conditions of augmented mobilization of fatty acids or inhibited fatty acid oxidation.

1. Crassicauline A (Crassicauline I) and Yunaconitine possesses feeding deterrent activity against T. castaneum adults, with EC(5) values of 1134.5 and 653.4 ppm, respectively.

Dopamine hydrochloride (ASL279) is a naturally occurring catecholamine formed by decarboxylation of dihydroxyphenylalanine and a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine hydrochloride binds to alpha-1- and beta-1- adrenergic receptors.

D-Cycloserine (RO-1-9213) is a broad spectrum antibiotic used as a second line agent for treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis, always in combination with other antituberculosis agents.

1. Stearic acid (Cetylacetic acid) can reduce metastatic tumor burden. 2. Stearic acid leads to dramatically reduced visceral fat likely by causing the apoptosis of preadipocytes. 3. Stearic acid and its derivatives have been used as gelators in food and pharmaceutical gel formulations. 4. Stearic acid is a potent phosphatase 1B inhibitor, possibly causing an enhancement in the insulin receptor signaling to stimulate glucose uptake into adipocytes. 5. Stearic acid has the potential to increase dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk components, without affecting conversion of feed to milk, body condition score, or body weight.

Triacetylresveratrol (Acetyl-trans-resveratrol) has anti-cancer activity,it inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 and NFκB, down-regulates Mcl-1, and up-regulates Bim and Puma in pancreatic cancer cells.

1-Methylpyrrolidine is extensively used in the synthesis of pyrrolidine based ionic liquids.

8-Amino-1-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid is a naphthalene derivative used as a fluorescent dye and as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is a highly fluorescent compound with a high Stokes shift, making it an ideal fluorescent marker for a wide range of biological systems.

3'-Hydroxypterostilbene (3'-HPT), a natural pterostilbene analogue, effectively inhibits the growth of human colon cancer cells with IC50s of 9.0, 40.2, and 70.9 μM for COLO 205, HCT-116, and HT-29 cells, respectively, by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. 3'-Hydroxypterostilbene inhibits the p38MAPK , and PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathways and activates the ERK1/2, JNK1/2 MAPK pathways[1].

Amentoflavone (3',8''-Biapigenin), as a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, can interact with many other medications. CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 are proteins used for drug metabolism in the body. Amentoflavone also is an inhibitor of human cathepsin B. It has antimalarial activity in trials significant affinities towards the Delta-1, kappa opioid receptors (as an antagonist) and binds to benzodiazepine receptors. Amentoflavone may be a potential lead for a new type of anti-inflammatory agents having the dual inhibitory activity of group II phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase. Amentoflavone and quercetin differentially exerted suppression of PGE2 biosynthesis via downregulation of COX-2/iNOS expression.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Isomaltose (D-Isomaltose) is a reducing disaccharide, similar to maltose, but with an α-(1-6)-linkage instead of the α-(1-4)-linkage.

1-Hydroxyoctadecane (OctadecanolOctadecanol) is a fatty alcohol present in human and is normally incorporated into plasmalogen lipids. Sjogren-Larsson syndrome is defined by the triad of ichthyosis, mental retardation, and spasticity, and patients accumulate fatty alcohols such as Octadenol in the plasma and cultured fibroblasts.

1. Bergaptol (4-Hydroxybergapten) shows very good radical scavenging activity. 2. Bergaptol is a potent inhibitor of debenzylation activity of CYP3A4 enzyme.

1. ISOGINKGETIN (4',4'''-Dimethylamentoflavone), a compound derived from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, to up-regulate adiponectin secretion with potency comparable to that of rosiglitazone, a known modulator of adiponectin production. 2. Isoginkgetin has anti-tumor activity, the mechanistic basis is splicing inhibition , thus, pre-mRNA splicing inhibitors may represent a novel avenue for development of new anti-cancer agents.3. Isoginkgetin can inhibit tumor cell invasion by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. 4. Isoginkgetin (0.3mg/kg ip for 3d) can reduce the level of O2·- in plasma and erythroeyte and sometimes increase the activity of SOD in anoxic rats, the action being stronger than aspirin.

(-)-Epicatechin (Epicatechin) is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), inhibiting the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.

1. Ginkgetin has anti-influenza virus and anti-fungal activities. 2. Ginkgetin has anti-inflammatory activity, can down-regulates COX-2 induction in vivo against skin inflammatory responses. 3. Ginkgetin is a good STAT3 inhibitor and may be a useful lead

Kassinin acetate is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog. It belongs to tachykinin family of neuropeptides.

(25R)-3β,17α-dihydroxy-5α- spirostan-6-one3-O-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β- D-glucopyranoside is a natural product isolated from the bulbs of Lilium brownii var. viridulum.