2-ketoglutaric acid sodium

2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium (AKG) is a key molecule in the TCA cycle. It can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

2-Hydroxycinnamic acid is a natural product isolated from Angraecum fragrans, has photooxidant activity.

2-Hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoic acid (6-Methoxysalicylic acid) may be employed as internal standard for the determination of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, ASA) and its major metabolite, salicylic acid (SA),and exhibits significant analgesic effects

(E)-Oct-2-enoic acid (2-Octenoate) is an organic acid produced by hepatic microsomal oxidation of aliphatic aldehydes and is a metabolite naturally present in urine and plasma.

1. 2-Methoxycinnamic acid (o-Methoxycinnamic acid) can enhance inhibition of tyrosinase activity.

2-METHYLVALERIC ACID is a natural product.

2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase inhibitor (Ki:500 μM). 3-Hydroxymandelic acid is a protein hydrolysis product of larger proteins.

1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (ALPHA-HYDROXYNAPHTHOIC ACID) is a Metabolite from phenanthrene degradation.

Glycocholic Acid Sodium Salt (Sodium Glycocholate) is a conjugated bile salt and ionic biologic detergent. It is involved in the emulsification of fats.

Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid acts as a potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive component in vivo, thus contributing to the immune regulatory role of fruits and herbs.

2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetic acid, a plasma metabolite, is highly sensitive and specific and can be used as a bioindicator to differentiate non-small cell carcinoma patients from healthy controls.

3-Indoleacetic acid sodium (Heteroauxin sodium salt) is a naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. It can stimulate cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development. However, at high concentrations, it exhibits growth inhibiting effects, including epinasty and prevention of shoot and root growth. This latter effect formed the basis for which synthetic auxins were developed as herbicides and bioregulators in agriculture.

2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid) is a metabolite of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE may be obtained through environmental exposure. MTBE is rapidly eliminated from the body, mainly through expired air as the unchanged compound. MTBE is to some extent metabolised to t-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde and oxidised to 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and a-hydroxy isobuturic acid. 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid has been used as an arial bactericide.

2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) reduces serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and exhibits anti-lipidemic effects.

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations.

Ferulic acid sodium (Sodium ferulic), the sodium salt of ferulic acid, is a drug used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and to prevent thrombosis.

2-Hydroxystearic acid is a hydroxy fatty acid found in humans and U. armoricana. It reduces the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 100 μM.

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (2-Hydroxy-p-anisic Acid) is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer1 that is produced by the metabolism of 3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. It is generated by unspecified-gutmicro enzyme via a beta-oxidation-of-carbxoylic-acid reaction. This beta-oxidation-of-carbxoylic-acid occurs in human gut microbiota.

2-Phenylbutanoic acid (2-Phenylbutyric acid) is used as an industrial intermediate.

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid ((2S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid) is a toxic proline analogue produced by members of the Liliaceae and Agavaciae families.

Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium Ursodeoxycholate) is a naturally occurring secondary bile acid with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors,

L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Vitamin C sodium salt) is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that is an alternative to taking ascorbic acid as a supplement.

2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid is an unusual metabolite found in the urine of patients with 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and maple syrup urine disease.

Isethionic acid sodium salt (Sodium isethionate) is an organosulfur compound containing a short chain alkane sulfonate linked to a hydroxyl group. Mammals are able to endogenously synthesize Isethionic acid sodium salt via taurine through a possible enzymatic deamination process. Isethionic acid sodium salt can be found in both human plasma and urine. Higher plasma levels of Isethionic acid sodium salt have been shown to be protective against type 2 diabetes.

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity.

Phytic acid sodium salt (Sodium phytate hydrate) is known to function as a [PO4]3- storage depot and a precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. It is a potent chelator of divalent and trivalent cations in vitro.

2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (2-Hydroxycaproic acid) is a branched-chain alpha-keto acid that has been reported in normal human blood and in normal amniotic fluid. It has been found that 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is the most significant metabolite found in the CSF of patients infected with Nocardia.

Fusidic acid sodium salt (SQ-16360) is a sodium salt form of fusidic acid, a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum and used as a topical medication to treat skin infections.

2-Methylhexanoic acid is a flavouring ingredient.

Usnic Acid sodium is a natual product.

trans-2-Undecenoic acid ((E)-Undec-2-enoic acid) ((E)-2-Undecenoic acid) is an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid characterized by acid dimers.

(E)-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid, characterized by its sweet berry-like aroma and flavor, is widely utilized in food flavoring.

2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine.

Deoxycholic acid sodium salt (Sodium deoxycholate) can activate the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.

(R)-5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (D-Pyroglutamic acid) is a cyclic derivative of glutamic acid, physiologically present in mammalian tissues. It releases GABA from the cerebral cortex and exhibits anti-anxiety effects in a simple approach-avoidance conflict situation in rats. In clinical pharmacology experiments, it significantly shortens the plasma half-life of ethanol during acute intoxication.

2-Methyl-4-pentenoic Acid (2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid) is a branched-chain fatty acid.

D-Glucuronic acid sodium salt monohydrate (Sodium D-glucuronate) is a carboxylic acid that is highly soluble in water. In humans, glucuronic acid often binds to toxic substances to facilitate elimination and to hormones to aid in their transport.

(E)-2-Butenoic acid (Crotonic acid) is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. Crotonic acid is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Crotonic acid is also found in water extracts from carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.).

2-Deoxy-2-sulfoamino-D-glucose sodium (GlcN-2S) can potentially influence arthritis.

(R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (D-Proline) is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid L-Proline. D-amino acids, including D-Proline, are found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva, potentially originating from bacterial sources or endogenous production via amino acid racemase activity.

(Z)-4-Amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid (Maleamic acid) is a valuable compound for research applications.

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid is an abnormal metabolite, a neurotoxin and a metabolic toxin.

Hyaluronic acid sodium (Sodium Hyaluronate) is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans in that it is nonsulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi, and can be very large, with its molecular weight often reaching the millions. One of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and may also be involved in the progression of some malignant tumors.

2-Methylheptanoic Acid is a flavouring ingredient.

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties. It can increase glucose-induced insulin secretion and stimulate the electrical activity of α2-cells and enhance cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)).

L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate trisodium (Sodium ascorbyl phosphate) is utilized in biocatalytic dephosphorylation for electric power generation and electrochemical detection assays.

D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase.

Phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (Phthalic Acid Monooctyl Ester) is a major bioactive metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which inhibits the 17,20 lyase activity of CYP17. The Cyp17a1 gene is specifically targeted by MEHP, explaining the MEHP-induced suppression of steroidogenesis observed.

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid (2-Sulfoaniline) is a useful research chemical.